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Antibiotics: An Overview
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Pre-Test
Which statements are true about E.coli?a) It is a Gram positive bacteria.
b) It is a Gram negative bacteria.
c) It is a bacteria normally found in the colon.
d) It is the most common cause of a UTI.
e) It can cause diarrhea.
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Pre-Test
The 6 year old boy has high volume watery diarrhea that looks like ‘rice in water’. He is dehydrated. You resuscitate him with IV normal saline. What is the best antibiotic treatment?a) Penicillin G or Penicillin V
b) Ampicillin or Amoxicillin
c) Doxycycline or Erythromycin
d) Cefalexin or Cefazolin
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Pre-Test
A 3-year old child is brought to the emergency. The child is irritable and complains of a headache. On exam, the child has a fever of 39ºC and has neck stiffness. You are worried about meningitis. What antibiotic should you consider?a) Metronidazole
b) Ciprofloxicillin
c) Cefazolin
d) Cloxicillin
e) Ceftriaxone
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Pre-Test
What statements are true about rickettesia?a) Typhus fever is caused by rickettesia.
b) Rickettesia is an atypical bacteria.
c) Rickettesia can be treated with doxycycline.
d) Rickettesia can be treated with tetracycline.
e) Rickettesia can be treated with chloramphenicol.
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Pre-Test
A 20-year old male comes in with 2 week history of general malaise and recurrent fever. He recently developed a papular rash on his chest. His abdomen is tender and distended. The patient should be treated with:a) Ampicillin for a probable UTI.
b) Levofloxacin for a probable lobar pneumonia.
c) Cloxicillin for a probable Staphylococcus rash.
d) Ceftriaxone for probable Salmonella typhi.
e) No antibiotics.
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Types of Microorganisms that cause Infectious Disease
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
Viruses
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Types of Microorganisms that cause Infectious Disease Bacteria
Single cell organism with cell wall No nucleus / Has circular DNA within cell
Protozoa (ie. Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Giardia) Single cell organism with nucleus
Fungi: Yeast (ie. Candida albicans)
Helminths: Worms
Viruses Not a cell, but are DNA or RNA wrapped in protein coat They reproduce by taking over an animal cell and
reproducing
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Types of Microorganisms that cause Infectious Disease Antibiotics treat bacteria and protozoans
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Type of Bacteria
TYPICAL Bacteria Gram positive Gram negative
ATYPICAL Bacteria Acid fast No cell wall Intracellular (lives inside host cells)
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Gram Stains Divides bacteria into 2 groups
Gram positive Gram negative
Based on cell wall differences
Detects peptidogylcan which is a part of the cell wall Gram positive = THICK peptidoglycan layer Gram negative = Thin petidoglycan layer
Detects shape of bacteria Cocci - circle Bacillus - rod (straight or curved) Spirochete - spiral
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What color are the gram positive bacteria on gram stain?
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Can you give some examples of Gram + and Gram –
BACTERIA?
Gram positive Gram negative
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Can you give some examples of Gram + and Gram –
BACTERIA?
Gram positive
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Gram negative
E. coli
Klebsiella
Hemophilus
Pseudomonas
Niesseria
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Classification of Bacteria
Typical Bacteria Atypical Bacteria
Gram + Gram -
Cocci Rod
StaphylococcusStreptococcusEnterococcus
Clostridium (anaerobic)
Cocci Rod
Niesseria
Straight Curved
E.coliSalmonella /ShigellaProteus / EnterobacterKlebsiellaHemophilusBordetellaPseudomonasBacteroides (anaerobic)
VibrioCampylobacterHelicobacter
Spiral
Treponema
Acid fast No cell wall
Intracellular
RickettsiaChlamydia
Mycoplasma
Mycobacterium
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Protozoans
Examples: Plasmodium: malaria Entamoeba histolytica: dysentery and liver abscesses Giardia intestinalis: diarrhea Trichimonal vaginalis: STI
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Types of Antibiotics
Beta-Lactams
Sulpha drugs
Fluroquinolones
Aminoglycocides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
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Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Detects peptidogylcan which is a part of the cell wall Gram positive = thick peptidoglycan layer Gram negative = thin petidoglycan layer
Inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria The peptidoglycan layer is important in cell wall structure,
especially in Gram positive bacteria
Can you give some examples of beta-lactam antibiotics?
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Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Types of beta-lactam antibiotics Penicillins Cepalosporins
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Penicillins
There are different kinds of penicillins
Each kind has slightly different bacterial coverage
Can you give me some names of penicillins that you have heard of?
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Penicillins
Natural penicillins Penicillin G (IM or IV) Penicillin V (PO)
What bacteria do the natural penicillins cover?
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Penicillins
Natural penicillins Penicillin G (IM or IV) Penicillin V (PO)
What bacteria does it cover? Some Gram +
Streptococci Enterococci
Few Gram - Neisseria
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Penicillins
Aminopenicillins Ampicillin Amoxicillin
What bacteria does it cover?
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Penicillins
Aminopenicillins Ampicillin Amoxicillin
What bacteria does it cover? Some Gram +
Streptococcus Enterococci
More Gram – than natural penicillins E. Coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus
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Penicillins
Anti-staphylococcal penicillins Cloxacillin Methicillin
What bacteria does it cover?
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Penicillins
Anti-staphylococcal penicillins Cloxacillin Methicillin
What bacteria does it cover? More Gram +
Staphylococcus Streptococcus No enterococcus
No Gram - coverage
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Penicillins
Extended Spectrum Piperacillin
What bacteria does it cover?
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Penicillins
Extended Spectrum Piperacillin
What bacteria does it cover? Some Gram +
Streptococcus Enterococcus Staphylococcus if tazobactam added
Most Gram – E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas Anaerobic bacteria
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Cephalosporins
Divided into 4 generations
As generation increases Decreasing Gram + activity Increasing Gram – activity
3rd generation cephalosporins can penetrate the CNS (so use these for meningitis)
What cephalosporin antibiotics do you know?
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Cephalosporins: Examples
1st generation Cefalexin, Cephalothin, Cefazolin, Cefadroxil
2nd generation Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefprozil, Cefoxitin
3rd generation Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Cefixime
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1st gen.
2nd gen
3rd gen
Gram + Staph Y Y
Strep Y Y Y
Gram - Proteus Y Y Y
E. coli Y Y Y
Klebsiella Y Y Y
Hemophilus Y Y
Enterobacter Y Y
Neisseria Y Y
Pseudomonas (Y)
Cephalosporin coverage
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Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
What bacteria does it cover?
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Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Gram positive Staphylococcus Weak Streptococcus coverage
Gram negatives E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus Salmonella, Shigella Hemophilus
Side effects: Rash, allergy, Bone marrow suppression
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Fluoroquinolones
2 types Ciprofloxacin
Good Gram - Good atypical coverage: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia No Gram +
Respiratory Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) Good Gram – Better Gram +, especially Streptococcus Moxifloxacin also good for anaerobes Good antibiotic choice for respiratory infections
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Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin, Tobramycin
Activity Good Gram – No Gram + or Anaerobic coverage
Side effects Hearing loss (permanent) Renal failure (reversible)
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Tetracyclines
Tetracycline, Doxycycline
Activity Better Gram + than Gram – Good for atypical bacteria: Rickettsia, Chlamydia Good for protozoans: Plasmodium, Entamoeba
In children (<8 years old) can cause permanent teeth staining
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Macrolides
Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin
Activity Some Gram +: Streptococci Some Gram -: Hemophilus, Neisseria, Campylobacter Atypicals: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia
Mostly for respiratory and soft tissue infections
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Antibiotics against anaerobes
Clindamycin Good Gram positive coverage:
Staphylococcus Streptococcus
Good Gram negative anaerobic coverage: Bacteroides
Poor Gram negative aerobic coverage Used for:
Skin and soft tissue infections Pelvic and Intraabdominal infections (in combination
with other antibiotics that cover Gram negative bacteria)
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Antibiotics against anaerobes
Metronidazole Good anaerobic coverage
Bacteroides, Clostridium Good protozoal coverage
Entamoeba, Giardiasis Use: Intraabdominal and pelvic infections (in combination
with other antibiotics to cover anaerobic Gram -) Good for Clostridium difficile (diarrheal infection especially
in patients who have received antibiotics for another reason)
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Chloramphenicol
Activity Gram +: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Clostridium Gram -: Hemophilus, Neisseria, E. coli, Vibrio, Salmomella
Side effects Bone marrow toxicity; Pancytopenia
Common uses Typhoid fever Scrub typhus / Rickettsia Meningitis
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Summary
Antibiotics should be chosen based on what the
most likely bacteria are causing the disease and
what antibiotics will target those bacteria
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Case 1
Diagnosis?
Common Bacteria?
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Case 1
Diagnosis?
Common Bacteria? Streptococci Staphylococci
Treatment?
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Case 1
Diagnosis?
Common Bacteria? Streptococci Staphylococci
Treatment? Penicillins
Amoxicillin Cloxacillin
1st gen cephalosporin
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Case 2: Meningitis
What are common bacteria?
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Case 2: Meningitis
What are common bacteria? Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Hemophilus influenzae Listeria monocytogenes
Treatment?
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Case 2: Meningitis
What are common bacteria? Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Hemophilus influenzae Listeria monocytogenes
Treatment? High dose Ceftriaxone (2g IV q12 h) Add Ampicillin if age > 50 for Listeria
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Case 2: Quality Assurance
A 20year old male presents with fever, chills, severe headache, and neck stiffness
He traveled 6 hours to get to the hospital
When he arrives, he is drowsy and BP is 100/60. He waits in the emergency room for another 2 hours
A medical student sees him first, but is not sure what to do, so waits to discuss with the teacher who arrives 1 hour later
In the meantime, the patient becomes hypotensive, has a seizure, and loses consciousness
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Case 2: Quality Assurance
Why did the patient deteriorate so quickly?
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Case 2: Quality Assurance
Why did the patient deteriorate so quickly? Delaying antibiotics in meningitis increases risk of death
and irreversible neurologic deficits
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Case 2: Quality Assurance
What could have been done differently to improve patient care? By the student? By the teacher? By the hospital/ health care system?
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Case 3
Probable Diagnosis?
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Case 3
Probable Diagnosis? Lobar Pneumonia
Common bacteria?
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Case 3
Common bacteria? Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma, Chlamydia Hemophilus (if chronic lung disease)
Treatment? Outpatients In patients
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Case 3
Common bacteria? Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma, Chlamydia Hemophilus (if chronic lung disease)
Treatment? Outpatients
Doxycycline Amoxicillin 2nd gen cephalosporin
In patients Ceftriaxone + macrolide Levofloxacin or Moxifloxacin
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Case 4: Urinary Tract Infection
What are common bacteria?
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Case 4: Urinary Tract Infection
What are common bacteria? E. coli** (Most common) Proteus Klebsiella
Treatment?
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Case 4: Urinary Tract Infection
What are common bacteria? E. coli** (Most common) Proteus Klebsiella
Treatment? TMP-SMX Ciprofloxacin Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Ceftriaxone if severe Aminoglycosides if severe
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Case 5: Bloody Diarrhea
Common bacteria?
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Case 5: Bloody Diarrhea
Common bacteria? Salmonella Shigella, Campylobacter E. coli
These are all Gram negatives
Treatment?
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Case 5: Bloody Diarrhea
Salmonella Fluoroquinolone, Ceftriaxone More resistance to TMP-SMX, Macrolides, and Amoxicillin
Shigella Fluoroquinolone, Ceftriaxone More resistance to TMP-SMX, Macrolides, and Amoxicillin
Campylobacter Fluoroquinolone All are resistant to TMP-SMX, Penicillins, and
Cephalosporins
E. coli No antibiotics
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Case 6
Diagnosis?
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Case 6
Diagnosis?
Bacteria? Scrub typhus Rickettsia family
Treatment?
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Case 6
Diagnosis?
Bacteria? Scrub typhus Rickettsia family
Treatment? Doxycycline Chloramphenicol Tetracycline
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Case 7
Patient presents with: Fever, Relative bradycardia Develops abdominal pain and rash
Diagnosis?
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Case 7
Patient presents with: Fever, Relative bradycardia Develops abdominal pain and rash
Diagnosis?
Bacteria? Salmonella typhi (Gram negative)
Treatment?
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Case 7
Patient presents with: Fever, Relative bradycardia Develops abdominal pain and rash
Diagnosis?
Bacteria? Salmonella typhi (Gram negative)
Treatment? Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone
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Post Test
Which statements are true about E.coli?a) It is a Gram positive bacteria.
b) It is a Gram negative bacteria.
c) It is a bacteria normally found in the colon.
d) It is the most common cause of a UTI.
e) It can cause diarrhea.
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Post Test
A 6 year old boy has high volume watery diarrhea that looks like ‘rice in water’. He is dehydrated. You resuscitate him with IV normal saline. What is the best antibiotic treatment?a) Penicillin G or Penicillin V
b) Ampicillin or Amoxicillin
c) Doxycycline or Erythromycin
d) Cefalexin or Cefazolin
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Post Test
A 3-year old child is brought to the emergency. The child is irritable and complains of a headache. On exam, the child has a fever of 39ºC and has neck stiffness. You are worried about meningitis. What antibiotic should you consider?a) Metronidazole
b) Ciprofloxicillin
c) Cefazolin
d) Cloxicillin
e) Ceftriaxone
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Post Test
What statements are true about rickettesia?a) Typhus fever is caused by rickettesia.
b) Rickettesia is an atypical bacteria.
c) Rickettesia can be treated with doxycycline.
d) Rickettesia can be treated with tetracycline.
e) Rickettesia can be treated with chloramphenicol.
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Post Test
A 20-year old male comes in with 2 week history of general malaise and recurrent fever. He recently developed a papular rash on his chest. His abdomen is tender and distended. The patient should be treated with:a) Ampicillin for a probable UTI.
b) Levofloxacin for a probable lobar pneumonia.
c) Cloxicillin for a probable Staphylococcus rash.
d) Ceftriaxone for probable Salmonella typhi.
e) No antibiotics.
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Questions