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• antibodies produced by differentiated B-cells
• recombination results in B-cell lineages producing distinct antibodies
• serum contains antibodies representing many lineages
• difficult to isolate B-cells of defined specificity
• cannot grow B-cells in culture
Kohler and Milstien (1975)
• fused B-cells with myeloma cells stable hybridoma
• hybridoma secretes monoclonal antibody
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Monoclonal Antibodies• Advantages
– unlimited supply– defined reagent
• Disadvantages– single epitope– time consuming
Preparation1 Immunization*2 Fusion3 Selection4 Screening &
Cloning5 Production
• rodents, especially mice, are animal of choicebest characterized myeloma lines are from micematch strains for ascites production
• possible to use crude antigens
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• mouse making desired antibodies
• boost 3-4 days before fusion• remove spleen (lymph nodes
etc) and harvest cells• mix with myeloma cells in
presence of fusogenic agent
Balb/c Mouse
MOPC 21 (tumor)
P3K (cell line)
P3-X63Ag8 (HGPRT-)
X63-Ag8.653 (IgG-)
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HGPRT = hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferaseDHFR = dihydrofolate reductase
HAT Medium:
• Hypoxanthine (purine salvage)
• Aminopterin (DHFR inhibitor)
• Thymidine (pyrimidine salvage)
Nucleotide Metabolism:
• salvage and de novo pathways
• HGPRT essential for purine salvage
• DHFR essential for de novo synthesis
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Selection in HAT Medium
Human mAbs produced by trans-forming lymphocytes with EBV
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Cloning Methods
•soft agar• limiting dilution
Screening/Cloning
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• produce mAbs in vitro or with ascites
• harvest culture media (supernatant)– in vitro material is less
concentrated and contains bovine serum
• ascites are tumors grown in peritoneal cavity– ascites fluid and sera
contain high [mAb]– minor contamination
with mouse IgG
Production
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Affinity Purification
• use Ag or epitope to make affinity column
• recover Abs from blots, etc.