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Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)
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Classification
A) Antibiotics
B) Antifungal Agent
C) Antiviral Agents
Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)
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A) Antibiotics in Animals
1) History of the practice
2) Goals of Antibiotics
3) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
4) Consumption of Antibiotic in Veterinary Medicine
5) Vet Med vs. Human Med
6) Alternatives of Antibiotics
7) Antibiotic Commitment
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Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)
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1. History of the Practice
- 1910 millions of Americans joined national meat boycott to protest high prices
- Start to encourage the USDA to fund research aimed at keeping meat price on pace with demand
- High intensity and mass production → disease control
- 1950 group of US scientists found that adding antibiotics to animal feed increases growth rate of livestock
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2. Goals of Antibiotics
1. Therapeutic
2. Phylaxis ( Gr. “ A Guarding )
Protective against infectious, the bodily against infection
- Prophylaxis, Prevention & Control
- Anaphylaxis Reaction after treatment
- Metaphylaxis,* After, over, beyond
3. AGP Sub therapeutic doses
* The timely mass medication of a group of animals to eliminate or
minimize an expected outbreak of disease
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World Organization for Animal Health
Without Antibiotics there would supply problem of
animal protein for the human population”
( Ref. Hamaide, Sybille de la Jan 11, 2012,
Antibiotics for livestock vital to feed world.
OIE, Reuters, Paris retrieved April 20, 2015)
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2001 Union of Concerned Scientists reported that
90% of the total use of antimicrobials in US even for
non therapeutic purpose in agricultural production
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The ideas that they should NEVER be used in livestock
husbandry are misguided. Instead the goal is to prevent
the allowance of preventive use from being distorted into
routine use, constituting OVERUSE
( Ref. Swain, Mariam, 2015-8-1)
Antibiotics
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Animal Health Industry
No NCE
(New Chemical Entity)
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3. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
A. Bacteria manifest resistance
- Acquired Resistance
- Mutation
- Transfer genetic code to plasmid
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Mutation- DNA insertion, deletion, substitution
- DNA transfer of drug resistance
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การถ่ายทอดยีนสดื์อ้ยา
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Mechanism of AMR
- Enzyme i.e. Penicillinase- Target relocation- Cell permeable- Excretion via energy, active transport
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4. Consumption of Antibiotic in
Veterinary Medicine in Thailand
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Topics
• AHPA
• Acknowledgments
• About the Surveillance
• References
• Results
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AHPA : Animal Health Products Association
Established since 1983
77 members
9 Executive Committees & 3 Advisories
Scope of AHPA work
Liaison with Authorities Rules & Regulations
Academy Technical , R&D
Professional Council Implementation, Ethic
Members Data Base, Implementation
CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibilities )
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Acknowledgments
• AHPA
• DLD , MOAC
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About the Surveillance
o From Animal Population to
Production
o From Sell to kg AI.
o PCU ( Population Correction Unit )
Ref : ESVAC (European Surveillance of Veterinary
Antimicrobial Consumption)
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Weights used to calculate PCU
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Animal Species & Antibiotic Categories
Species Ab Categories
• Poultry Gr.1 : Tetracyclines
- Broiler Gr.2 : Penicillins
- Layer Gr.3 : Cephalosporins
- Breeder Gr.4 : Sulfonamides
- Duck Gr.5 : Macrolides
• Pig Gr.6 : Aminoglycosides
• Cattle Gr.7 : Quinolones
• Aquatic Animal Gr.8 : Others
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References
AHPA 2017 Market information
DLD Survey
Thai Feed Mills Association
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Population AW
Broiler (ไก่เนือ้) 121,087.72 121,087,720,699.82 1,449,000,000.00 1.00 1,449,000,000.00 16.29
Layer (ไกไ่ข)่ 31,133.97 31,133,968,394.79 95,238,162.00 2.00 190,476,324.00 4.19
Breeder (ไกพั่นธุ)์ 11,856.95 11,856,947,874.46 1,032,324.00 1.00 1,032,324.00 1.60
Fattening pig (สุกรขุน) 1,769,925.94 1,769,925,938,971.29 16,000,000.00 65.00 1,040,000,000.00 238.17
Breeding pig (สุกรพันธุ)์ 223,422.79 223,422,788,045.13 1,084,305.00 240.00 260,233,200.00 30.06
Beef (โคเนื้อ) 0.00 0.00 7,000,000.00 425.00 2,975,000,000.00 0
Dairy (โคนม) 1,024.00 1,024,000,000.00 500,000.00 425.00 212,500,000.00 0.14
Fish (ปลา) 24,000.00 24,000,000,000.00 600,000,000.00 1.00 600,000,000.00 3.23
Shrimp (กุง้) 3,000.00 3,000,000,000.00 600,000,000.00 1.00 600,000,000.00 0.40
Total 2,185,451.36 2,185,451,363,985.48 7,328,241,848.00 298.22
ขอ้มลูปรมิาณการยาใชต้า้นจลุชพีในสตัว ์ปี พ.ศ. 2556 แยกรายชนดิสตัว ์
: ไก ่สกุร โค ปลา และกุง้ (Poultry, Swine, Cattle, Fish & Shrimp)
Species
PCU = population*aw
PCU Total mg /PCU
Total AI of
antimicrobial
(kg)
Total AI of antimicrobial
(mg)
Cattle
Aquatic animal
Poultry
Swine
2013
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Remark :
สตูรวิธีการค านวณ (หน่วย mg/PCU) = Active Ingredient (AI) ; (mg, or kg)/Population correction unit (PCU) ; ( kg of animal weight)
AI มาจากข้อมลูน า้หนกัยาต้านจลุชีพ (kg of active ingredient) ที่ใช้ในสตัว์ปศสุตัว์ต่อปีPCU มาจากการประมาณน า้หนกัของสตัว์ปศสุตัว์ ในขณะที่ใช้ยา หรือเข้าโรงฆ่า = จ านวนประชากรสตัว์ X น า้หนกัเฉลีย่ (average weight at treatment)
Average weight at treatment ของสกุร (Swine)
สกุรขนุ (Fattening) = 65 kg
สกุรพนัธุ์ (Breeding) =240 kg
Average weight at treatment ของไก่ (Poultry)
ไก่เนือ้ (Broiler) = 1 kg
ไก่ไข่ (Layer) = 2 kg
ไก่แม่พนัธุ์ (Breeder) = 1 kg
Reference from European Medicine Agency
GR6: Aminoglycosides
- Gentamycin 0 5,400 5,400.00- Kanamycin 0 1,432 1,432.00- Neomycin 1,261 986 418 2,665.00- Spectinomycin 0 0- Streptomycin 0 14,318 1,156 15,474.00GR7: Fluoroquinolones
- Halquinol 0 50,744 50,744.00- Dano 0 0.00- Enrofloxacin* 4,379 2,568 17,456 24,403.00- Marbofloxacin 0 91 91.00GR8: Other
- Colistin 1,466 344 291 107,125 109,226.00- Tiamulin 0 446,355 10,500 46,953 503,808.00Linco+spec 1,051 822 696 16,069 2,415 21,053.00Other 105 216 92 2,415 3,675 6,503.00
Total 121,088.00 31,133.00 11,858.00 1,635,751.00 134,176.00 146,726.00 76,696.00 2,157,428.00
สรุปปริมาณการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพในสัตว์ : ไก่และสุกร (Chicken & Swine)
(หน่วย mg/PCU)
Antimicrobial Drug
Poultry (kg) Swine (kg)
Total (kg)Broiler Layer Breeder Fattening Breeding
SP SP SP FA INJ FA INJ
2013
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0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Total (kg)
Total (kg)
2013
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The indicator to report sales data
= Amount of AB
PCU
Unit : mg/PCU
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2013 Thailand PCU Data by Animal Species
Mg/PCU
1.Poultry
1.1 Broiler 16.29
1.2 Layer 4.19
1.3 Breeder 1.60
2. Swine
2.1 Fattening 238.17
2.2 Breeder 1.60
3. Cattle
3.1 Beef -
3.2 Dairy 0.14
4. Aqua
4.1 Fish 3.23
4.2 Shrimp 0.40
298 mg/PCU
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2013 vs 2017
PCU
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1 ) 2017 Total Antibiotic Consumption by Species
SpeciesTotal AI of
antimicrobial(kg)
Total AI of Antimicrobial (mg)
PCU = population*aw
PCUPopulation AW
Poultry
Broiler (ไก่เนือ้) 72,247.50 72,247,500,000.00 1,577,850,000.00 1.00 1,577,850,000.00
Layer (ไก่ไข)่ 37,964.35 37,964,350,000.00 56,480,000.00 2.00 112,960,000.00
Breeder (ไก่พนัธุ์) 12,232.88 12,232,880,000.00 15,770,000.00 1.00 15,770,000.00Swine
Fattening pig (สกุรขนุ) 1,135,784.10 1,135,784,100,000.00 16,200,000.00 65.00 1,053,000,000.00
Breeding pig (สกุรพนัธุ์) 142,052.11 142,052,110,000.00 1,100,000.00 240.00 264,000,000.00Duck
Laying duck 12,314.94 12,314,940,000.00 6,700,000 3.00 20,100,000.00Meat duck 7,620.75 7,620,750,000.00 62,400,000.00 3.00 187,200,000.00
Cattle
Beef (โคเนือ้) 0.00 0.00 7,000,000.00 425.00 2,975,000,000.00
Dairy (โคนม) 3,942.00 3,942,000,000.00 510,000.00 425.00 216,750,000.00Aquatic animal
Fish (ปลา) 49,968.00 49,968,000,000.00 360,000,000.00 1.00 360,000,000.00
Shrimp (กุ้ ง) 5,444.44 5,444,440,000.00 350,000,000.00 1.00 350,000,000.00Total 1,479,571.07 1,479,571,070,000.00 7,132,630,000.00
mg/PCU 207.44
Results
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0
500000000
1E+09
1.5E+09
2E+09
2.5E+09
3E+09
3.5E+09
Species
PCU
2017 PCU by Species
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Chlortetracycline(CTC) 201,433.60
Doxycycline 32,594.52
Oxytetracycline(OTC) 43,134.85
CTC + OTC 33,229.46
Amoxycillin 490,245.47
Penicillin 8,228.78
Ampicillin + cloxacillin 1,342.89
Ceftiofur (90%) 464.70
Sulfadimidine (Common use for AR in pig) 1,095.00
Sulfa)trimethoprim (for treatment) 5,547.45
Kitasamycin 971.34
Tilmicosin 59,140.03
Tylosin 113,804.24
Tylvaosin (Avilosin)* 72.90
Gentamycin 3,888.00
Kanamycin 1,325.50
Neomycin 591.70
Streptomycin 16,573.65
Halquinol 76,493.80
Enrofloxacin* 19,518.70
Marbofloxacin 33.41
Colistin 54,481.82
Tiamulin 256,840.33
Lincomycin 24,969.51
Linco+spec 2,785.63
Avilosin 72.90
Other 21,304.36
2) 2017 Molecule of Antibiotic Consumption in Animal
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3) ESVAC = PCU Data
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Comparison of Antibiotic Consumption
Thailand vs USA
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Antibiotics Use in Animals and Humans in 2011
Animal TH Human
Tetracycline 41% 29% 4%
Ionophere 30% - 0%
Not Individually Reported 11% - -
Penicillin 6% 25% 44%
Cephalosporin - 0.02% 15%
Macrolides 4% 8% 8%
Aminoglycoside - 1% -
Sulfonamides 3% 4% 14%
Quinolones - 3% 9%
Other 5% 30% 6%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Source : USDA / Antibiotics Sales35
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Summary of Antibiotics Consumption
in Thailand
• Non P.O.M.(Prescribe on Medication)
• Used by non compliance with evidence-based
• Easy to access
• Control/Prevention/Treatment
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Animal Health Market
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2017 Animal Production
Unit : Million
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BROILER 1,577.8
LAYER 56.5
BREEDER 15.47
MEAT D. 47.42LAY DUCK 6.7PIG 16.20
BREEDER 1.10
DAIRY 0.51
BEEF 3.0DOG 7.5CAT 2.0
SHRIMP 0.35FISH 0.36
Million Ton
Million Ton
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5. Vet Med vs. Human Med
5.1 Market Size
5.2 Number of Species
5.3 Development Requirements
5.4 Paying for Medicine
5.5 Ensuring Food Safety
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6. Altenative of Antibiotics
- Vaccines
- Probiotics
- Prebiotics
- Bacteriophages
- Organic acids
- Enzyme
- Immunomodulators
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Bacteriocins
- Phytogenic
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7. Antibiotics Commitments -
1. Protect animal health and welfare in a unified One Health Approach
2. Use Antibiotics judiciously and responsibility
3. Promote disease prevention and increase access to products and
expertise
4. Invest and development of products for prevention and treatment
5. Increase knowledge, transparency and communication