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American PsychologicalAmerican PsychologicalAssociation (APA)Association (APA)
Formatting GuidelinesFormatting Guidelines
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BasicsBasics (Section 8.03)(Section 8.03)y APA provides the standard guidelines for
the social sciences.
Basic paper format:y Times New Roman, 12-point font (preferred)
y Double spaced throughout
y One-inch margins on all sidesy Flush-left alignment (not justified)
y Page header (Running head) should be a
half-inch from top
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Title pageTitle page (Sections 2.01 & 8.03)(Sections 2.01 & 8.03)y Header should readRunning head:
followed by shortened title in capitals, followed
by the page number:
Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1
y The running head must be no more than 50
characters (including spaces and punctuation)
y Full title (12 or fewer words) should be
centered in the upper half of the page
y Title is followed by name, professor, course and
due date
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Abstracts (section 2.04)
When required, an abstract should beplaced on the page immediately followingthe title page.
The abstract should
Indicate the thesis and main points of
the paper Touch on theconclusions orimplications of the research
Not be indented on the first line
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Important aspects of an abstractImportant aspects of an abstract
yAccurate & Comprehensive
Purpose & content
yNonevaluative
Report only; do not respond
yCoherent & Readable
Be clear
Use verbs instead of adjectives
Use active voice
yConcise (generally 150 250)
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IntroductionsIntroductions (section 2.05)(section 2.05)
Introductions are meant to identify a particular problem
and inform readers about the research methodology
used to examine that problem.
Introductions should Identify why the problem is worthy of (further)
research
Identify any pertinent scholarship
Identify any relevant background information
State the thesis (the stance of the paper)
Introductions should not be labeled as such
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Short quotationsShort quotationsfewer than 40 wordsfewer than 40 words(Section 6.03)(Section 6.03)
When using short quotations, follow the author, date, page-
number model:
Smith (2007) states thatStudents often have difficulty
using APA style (p. 123).
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the
author's last name, the year of publication, and the page
number in parentheses after the quotation:
Some have indicated thatStudents often have
difficulty using APA style (Smith, 2007, p. 123).Exception to the usual order:
In 2007, Smiths study indicates that "Students oftenhave difficulty using APA style" (p. 123), but she does not
offer an explanation as to why.
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Citing nonCiting non--paginated materialpaginated material(Section 6.05)(Section 6.05)
If indicated, provide paragraph number in place of
page number:
Smith (2007) states thatStudents often
have difficulty using APA style (para. 3).In cases where paragraphs are not numbered,
indicate section heading followed by paragraph
number:
(Smith, 2007, Conclusions section, para. 4)
If heading is long, provide a shortened version
(The Problems with Limited, para. 3)
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Long quotationsLong quotations40 words or more40 words or more
(Section 6.03)(Section 6.03)
y Introduce the information
y Set off in afreestanding block
y Indent left margin 5 spaces (same as for anew paragraph)
y Double space
y Parenthetical citation should follow theending punctuation
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Example long quotation
Sutton-Smith and Rosenberg (2003) offer this
perspective:
On a more obvious level, younger mothers
tend to have more stamina and energy thanolder ones. One speculation is that they are
also more anxious and uncertain about their
child-rearing procedures, and that this has
an effect of producing anxiety in their children.
(p. 138)
It seems safe to assume, then, that the third child
of a twenty-eight year old woman. . .
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Plagiarism & paraphrasing(Section 6.01)
y Writers cannot claim the words OR ideas
of another as their own.
y Quotation marks indicate the exact words
of the author.
y
Each time you paraphrase another author(put his or her ideas in your own words or
summarize a passage), you must credit the
source in the text.
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InIn--text citations for paraphrasedtext citations for paraphrased
materialmaterial(Section 6.04)(Section 6.04)
When paraphrasing, follow the author, dateguideline:
y Smith (2007) found that children who excel in
school are less likely to experience psychologicalproblems later in life.
y One study (2007) indicated that there is acorrelation between academic progress in
children and psychological problems in later life(Smith).
y Some have indicated a relationship betweenpsychological problems and early schoolperformance (Smith, 2007).
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However
While paraphrased material requires only authorand year of publication in your in-textreference, APA guidelines state thatyou areencouraged to provide a page or paragraph
number, especially when it would help aninterested reader locate the relevant passage ina long or complex text (p. 171).
y APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
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Multiple authors (Section 6.12 & Table 6.1)Precede the final name in a multiple-authorcitation in running text by the word and. Inparenthetical material, in tables and captions, and inthe reference list, join the names by an ampersand(&) (175).
Three to five authors:yList all authors in first in-text reference
yList only first authors name, followed byetal. in subsequent in-text citations
Six or more authors:
yList only first authors name, followed byetal. for first and subsequent in-text citations.
Note: In the reference list,
give surnames and initials ofu to and includin seven authors 184Sect. 6.27
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Notable exceptions (Section 6.16)
Two or more works in the same parenthetical, listalphabetically and separate by a semicolon:
(Adams, 2007;Barnes, 2007)
For multiple works published by the same author inthe same year, add suffixes a, b, c, etc.
As Smith (2007a) says . . .
Note: These letters should correspond to the alphabetical order ofthose works as listed in the reference list.
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Another notable exceptionAnother notable exception(Section 6.17)(Section 6.17)
Citing an indirect source:
Name the original source in your signal phrase
List the secondary source in your reference list
Include the secondary source in the parentheses
yJohnson argued that . . . (as cited in Smith, 2003,
p. 102).
Note: According to the APA Manual (2010), indirect citationsshould only be usedwhen the original work is out of print,unavailable through usual sources, or not available inEnglish (p. 178).
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More notable exceptions(Section 6.15)
When no author is given for the source, include a shortenedversion of the title and the year. (A books title isitalicized; an articles title is placed in quotation marks):
The employment profiles for this time period
substantiated this trend (F
ederalE
mployment, 2001, p.123).
The studies required that all participants be over 18(Conducting a Test, 1999, p. 12).
Note: In place of the authors last name, use Anonymous whenthe works author is listed as such (in both in-text citationsand reference lists).
When no date is given for the source, use the abbreviationn.d.:
(Smith, n.d., p. 199)
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Reference list (Sections 6.22 ff.)
Purposey To provide more detail so that readers may easily
find the sources cited in the paper
Page Formaty New page should
Be continuously paginated with the rest of thedocument
Be double spaced
Include the running head
Include the wordReferences centered on the firstline
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Reference entriesReference entries
Individual entries
y Must be alphabetized by authors last name. If no author is provided, list the source
alphabetically by title:
Obama
s Views onEducation would be listed byO;Clintons Health Care Plan would belisted byC.
y
Must begin at the left margin and use a
hangingindent for all following lines of that entry. Ahanging indentmeans that each subsequentline of the entry is indented 1 tab (5 spaces).
Note: See Section 6.29 for the specific rules forcapitalization of journal, article, and book titles.
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Writing style (Section 3.05 ff.)
Avoid the followingy Wordiness
y Colloquial expressions
y Biased terminology
y Avoid singular gender pronouns (he/she)x Use plural
x Articles such asthe
x Replace withperson,individual, etc.
Use active instead of passive voice.y Active: The nursing student wrote the paper.
y Passive: The paper was written by the nursing student.