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APL2 and 3 Skeletal Anatomy
The evil that men do lives after them, the good is oft interred with their bones.
—William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene 2
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Functions of Skeleton1. Supporting framework
2. Attachment of muscles
3. Protects vital organs• Cranium: Brain • Thoracic: Heart &
lungs
4. Reservoir of minerals• Calcium &
Phosphorus
5. Red bone marrow• Formation of RBC
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L3: add to your #4 #5 Functions of the skeleton
4. cont. Storage Site of Inorganic Salts, such as CALCIUM.Calcium may be removed from bone to maintain a normal blood
calcium level, which is essentially for BLOOD CLOTTING
5. cont. Contains and Protects the Red Bone Marrow, Some White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) are also produced
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Macroscopic structure of Long Bone
Epiphysis: ends of a long bone. Contains mainly spongy
bone Red Marrow fills it. Its fxn
is to produce RBC
Articular Cartilage: covers ends of long bone Hyaline cartilage Creates smooth surface
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Macroscopic Structure of Long bone
Endosteum: inner membrane lining MC MC contains yellow
marrow (fat) Continuous with
spongy bone
Periosteum: tough outer “jacket” Composed of fibrous
tissue Contains BV, Nerves,
and Osteoblasts Initiates growth in
DIAMETER
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Macroscopic structure cont’
Epiphyseal Disk: area of bone where active growth occurs.
AKA: growth plates Initiates growth in
LENGTH When growing stops,
disk is replaced by Epiphyseal line.
Diaphysis: shaft of bone Outer wall contains
mainly compact bone.
Strong & resistant to bending
Compact bone encloses Medullary canal.
MC contains yellow marrow (Fat)
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Formation of Bone Using your book as a reference, How does the
skeleton seem to develop? Ossification starts at 12 wks.
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Epiphyseal disk (line = adult) Area of actively reproducing
cartilage cells Contain osteblasts Will close approx 18yr. old
Osteoblasts: “bone builders”
Capable of producing collagen fibers (living=organic)
May “cement” themselves in Lacunae (cavity)
Osteocyte is mature osteoblast
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Femoral Epiphyseal disk: F=14-16 M=16-18
Sacral / Hip: F=21-23 M=23-25
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Bone Remodeling
Osseous tissue constantly being formed and resorbed (destroyed)
3 stages:
1. Infancy to Adolescent: Osteoblastic activity dominant
2. Adolescent to Mid adult (40-50): Balance
3. Post middle age: Osteoclastic activity dominant leading to certain diseases
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Microscopic Bone structure
1. Haversian (osteonic) canal : contain blood vessels & nerves
2. Canaliculi: interconnecting channels. Allow osteocytes to communicate
3. Lamellae: thin sheets of bone matrix layered in circles around the canals
4. Lacunae: spaces that contain osteocytes
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Haversian(osteonic) System=canal, lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi
Lamella: Concentric ring
Haversion’s (osteonic) canal: runs through core
Perforating canals: connect the Haversion canals
Lacuna: contain osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Types of osteocytesosteoblasts
: build boneosteoclasts
: remove bone
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“Bone destroyers” Osteoclasts (microscopic)
Multi-nucleated cells
Release “digestive” enzymes to reshape or remodel bone
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Nutrition Corner! www.waltonfeed.com/self/health/vit-min/calcium.html
Calcium: mineral needed as primary make-up of inorganic salts of bones 99% in bone, 1% in blood
Vitamin D: needed for Ca
If a 20 year old woman consumes 400 mg of calcium a day (half of what is recommended), at age 55, she
will have lost 1/3 of her calcium.
RDA Requirements for Calcium 0.0-0.5 400 mg 0.5-1.0 600 mg 1-10 800 mg 11-24 1200 mg 25 + 800 mg Pregnant 1200mg Lactating 1200 mg
What is the reasoning?
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Use vs. Decreased use
Increased use (exercise): increases deposition of collagen and calcium(inorganic=non-living) salts
Bones get stronger
Decreased use: compact bone in diaphysis thins out & calcium removed from bone
Bones get weak and fragile
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You create the Treatment protocol
Treatment concerns of 82 y.o. elderly woman (95 lbs.)
Concerns for a 47 y.o average sized woman
Pregnant 31 y.o woman 313 lbs. 38 y.o. obese man. 200lbs. 22 y.o man
How should they differ? Be similar?
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Osteoporosis
Excessive loss of bone volume & mineral content. Trabeculae of spongy bone is lost/spaces develop
Spontaneous fracture as result of weakened bone
Aging reason for large % of fractures over age of 45
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Common Sites of Osteoporotic fractures
Spinal column (vertebrae) Distal Radius / Ulna Hip fractures (actually is
neck of femur NOT actual hip)
WHY DO YOU THINK?
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Osteoporosis cont’
Factors which INCREASE risk
1. Low intake of dietary calcium and Vit D
2. Lack of physical exercise
3. Menopause: ovaries produce less estrogens…ceases decreases bone absorption of Calcium… Decreasing secondary sex
characteristics
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Prevention methods
How can someone, especially woman, prevent this?
1. Calcium supplements: 1000mg – 1500mg per day. Ex: 8oz glass milk = 275 mg
2. Regular physical exercise program. WHY?
3. What about Estrogen replacement therapy?
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Homework
There are many different factors that can affect bone growth: Your homework is to research how one of these affects bone growth/what disorders can result.
1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin C 3. Vitamin D 4. Pituitary growth hormone (too much, too little) 5. Female sex hormone (estrogen) 6. Male sex hormones (testosterone)