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Architectural Policies for Sustainable Urban Growth
Urban Green Growth within Planetary Boundaries, at BI 22.05.19
Per Gunnar RøeProfessor in Human Geography
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Will cities save us?Or will we save our cities?
• Cities are diverse, innovative and potentially sustainable, but they are also increasingly inequal and segregated
• The dominating receipt has been to develop compact, multifunctional and livable cities
• But how has this been translated into actual policies, and how may it transform urban landscapes and the actual living conditions for city inhabitants?
Talent
Technology
Tolerance
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Outline
• The arguments and research supporting the compact and livable city policy
• The transformation and design of the waterfront of Oslo (case)
• The role of urban architecture in the making of these places
• The implications for social sustainability
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The main argument: Reduce urban sprawl and car use
Barcelona
Newman & Kenworthy 1989
Oslo (2018)
Atlanta
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Car travel and modal split according to residential location(Throndsen 2017)
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The narratives of the compact city
The compact
and livablecity
Environmentalism-less transport demanding-transit oriented-resilient
Urbanism-mixed and co-habitated-vibrant and creative-liveable and attractive
Rationalism-effective-smart and innovative- economically viable
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Houston Oslo
Barcelona Hong Kong
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The arguments for increased densityand architectural compactness:
• Increased (population) density correlates with decreased transport per capita
• It reduces infrastructure cost• It increases innovation when the new inhabitants
belongs to the creative class• It reduces the distance between inhabitants and
thereby enhances possibilities for contact• It increases the probability of economic gain for
developers and builders
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The entreprenurial role of architecture
• …representation of a decontextualized office architecture is part of a shift in urban political strategies (Grubbauer 2013)
• …economic imaginaries might be installed more efficiently if they are discursively connected to and visually represented by buildings in urban space, as this enhances their plausibility and visibility (Grubbauer 2013)
• …corporate and state actors and institutions, mobilize architecture as one way of making political economic strategies meaningful (Jones 2009)
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The case ofOslo:
From the«Harbour City»
to the«Fjord City»
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Timeline
«Fjordbyen» is launched
2000
2003 Architectural
competition and adopted
developmentplan for Bjørvika
Planning starts 2005
2008«Fjordbyen» is
adopted
Final trans-formation?
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The Barcode concept
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The representation of functionalism and sustainability
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The representation of social urbanism
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The Fjord City architecture• Urban architecture is increasingly transnational in form
and organization• Architectural competitions are partially disconnected
from planning• Urban projects are connected to plans symbolically,
through representations, and less with plans as guidelines for practices
• Architectural representations provide imaginations of future functionality and livability in the emerging compact city
• The representations do not provide an account of actual living conditions and social implications
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LondonStockholm
Oslo
Helsinki
Malmö
Copenhagen
Hamburg
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0500000
100000015000002000000250000030000003500000
Mean savings
0100000200000300000400000500000600000700000
Mean net income
Socioeconomic and demographical data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Children & youth (0-19)
Elderly (67 plus)
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Public space or socio-cultural enclave?
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Explanations• Competitive entrepreneurialism: The
compact/livable/smart city is part of a competitive strategy to attract capital and people
• Regulation: There are strong forces that regulate the work of architects/planners , and how buildings are embedded in a local context, both transnational and local
• Cultural political economy: Urbanism and architecture has an political-economical meaning
• Symbolic capital: The city and architecture is constructed in relation to the preferences and aspirations of the creative class
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Conclusions and implications• Representations of urban architecture
provides symbolic power to compact, livable and smart city policies
• A need to problematize the role of architectural representations and projects– as if real social practices doesn’t exist– disconnecting the projects from the wider city – underscoring social implications
• Architectural policy should be informed by – a critique of the role of architecture in large
scale public-private projects– research on the social implications of urban
development, at both macro and micro level – socially inclusive and sustainable theories for
urban development and change
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Literature:
Andersen, B. & Røe, P. G. 2017. The social context and politics of large scale urban architecture: Investigating the design of Barcode, Oslo. European Urban and Regional Studies. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 304-317.
Røe, P. G. 2014. Analyzing Place and Place-making: Urbanization in Suburban Oslo. International. Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 498-515.