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Are Wastewater Treatment Plants and Biosolids a Significant Source of PFAS?Dorin Bogdan, Ph.D. and John CuthbertsonOctober 17, 2019
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\ Department of Defense (DoD)
\ Former Refineries
\ Fuel Supplies
\ Shoe Manufacturing
\ Landfills
\ Plastic Manufactures
\ Chrome Platers
\ Paper & Cardboard Manufacturing
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Michigan PFAS Sites
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Michigan Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP)
As of 8-29-2019 – 93 WWTPs
1Ambient Water Quality Standard (WQS) (ng/L)PFOA PFOS
Non-Drinking Water Source 12,000 12
Drinking Water Source 420 11
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IPP PFAS Initiative
\ Potential Source Screening \ Monitor Probable Sources\ If sources found:
• Reduce/Eliminate PFOS & PFOA Sources• Monitor WWTP effluent; report if >WQS• Biosolids monitoring and potential restrictions
\ Continue Source Reduction & Monitoring
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Sources of PFOS to WWTPs
\ Metal Finishers: 16 – 240,000 ppt\ Sites with AFFF(AF Bases, Refineries, fire stations):
240 – 45,000 ppt\ Landfill Leachate: ND – 4,000 ppt\ Centralize Waste Treaters (CWTs): 13 – 650 ppt\ Industrial Laundry facilities: 29 – 50 ppt
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Source Reduction Effectiveness to WWTP Effluent
WWTP #1 – PFOS EffluentWWTP #2 – PFOS Effluent
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Source Reduction Effectiveness to WWTP Effluent cont.
WWTP #3 – PFOS Effluent WWTP #4 – PFOS Effluent
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\ WWTPs• 20 Largest (10-930 MGD)• 22 Various Treatment Processes (0.2-9 MGD)• Influent, effluent, and biosolids
\ Agricultural Fields• Associated with 7 WWTPs• Soil, surface water, and groundwater sampling• Biosolids PFOS Concentrations• Dates of Land Application• Application Rate (dT/Acre)
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Statewide WWTP and Agricultural Fields Evaluation
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PFBA
PFPe
A
PFHx
A
PFHp
A
PFO
A
PFN
A
PFDA
PFU
nDA
PFDo
DA
PFTr
DA
PFTe
DA
PFBS
PFPe
S
PFHx
S
PFHp
S
PFO
S
PFN
S
PFDS
FOSA
4:2
FTS
6:2
FTS
8:2
FTS
EtFO
SAA
MeF
OSA
A
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Data Legend
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PFAS Detection Frequency – WWTP Study
Short-ChainLong-Chain
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WWTP Influent PFAS Concentrations
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WWTP Effluent PFAS Concentrations
Max 6:2 FTSA 142,000
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Influent vs. Effluent PFOA Concentrations
PFOA WQS (Drink) = 420 ng/L
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Influent vs. Effluent PFOS Concentrations
PFOS WQS (Drink) = 11 ng/L
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Michigan vs. Published Biosolids Studies
Michigan Switzerland Kenya Australia USA
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PFOS Concentrations in Biosolids - USA
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Biosolids/Sludge PFOS Concentrations
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Agricultural Fields Evaluation
WWTP Concentrations Total dT Applied
Average dT /Acre
Weighted Use Ratio (Total dT/Site Acres) Soil Groundwater Surface
WaterEffluent Biosolids
2-5 3-90 176 - 400 2-10 6 - 23 ND – 9 N/A ND – 5
169 - 2,000 1,060 - 2,100 39 – 1,422 1 - 4 4 - 28 1 – 145 ND - 18 ND – 2,080
PFOS: Aqueous = ng/L or ppt Solid = µg/Kg or ppb
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Biosolids - Application Site Evaluation
Soil / Biosolids GroundwaterSurface Water / Tile Drain
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SK1 - Lapeer WWTP
Biosolids - Application Site Evaluation cont.
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Potential PFAS Plant Uptake
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\ PFAS were detected in all WWTPs. \ Long-chain PFAS has high affinity to the
sludge/biosolids.\ MI Biosolids have lower PFOS concentrations than other
previously published studies. \ Industrial effluents can be a significant source of PFAS
to the WWTPs.\ Evaluation of potential impact from land application of
biosolids is on-going.
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Conclusions
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Thank You!
Image credit: iStock
Dorin Bogdan, Ph.D.AECOM PFAS Practice Lead
o Grand Rapids, MIo (616) 516-5995o [email protected]