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Articulations
Articulations = JointsAn area where two or more bones
join together (conjoin)
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Arthrology: study of joints
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Classification of Joints Functional Classification
Based on the degree of motion at eachjoint. Synarthrosis (immovable joint) Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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Classification of Joints (cont.)
Structural Classification According to major connective tissue type Whether there is a fluid-filled joint capsule
Fibrous jointsCartilaginous jointsSynovial joints
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Fibrous Joints Held together by Dense
regular CT (fibrous CT)
Immovable
No joint capsule
Example: sutures of theskull
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Cartilaginous Joint Partially (slightly) movable
joint Held together by hyaline or
fibrocartilage Has no joint capsule Fairly strong
Examples: intervertebraldisks, epiphyseal plates,cartilage between ribs andsternum
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Synovial Joints
Freely movable Most abundant Joint capsule (sleeve
around the joint)
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Details of Synovial Joint
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Movable Synovial Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint
uniaxial One bone rotates on a
horizontal axis
Ball and Socket Joint multiaxial
Condyloid Joint Biaxial Oval convex surface
articulates with concave
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Types of Synovial Joints Gliding
Two opposing flatsurfaces slide over eachother
Saddle Consists of two saddle-
shaped articulatingsurfaces at right angles
Hinge Unaxial Convex-concave
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Joint is protected by Synovial capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid
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Types of Synovial JointsFunctional classification :
ExamplesMovementJoint
Ankle; Elbow (humeroulna);Interphalangeal.
1 axisHinge
Carpal bones within thewrist, intervertebral.
TranslationGliding
Hip; glenohumeral3 axesBall & socket
Thumb: carpometacarpal3 axesSaddle
Wrist (radius & carpals);Metacarpophalangeal
2 axesCondyloid
Atlanto-axial1 axisPivot
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Joint Related Structures - Ligaments
Ligaments – Very strong bands of fibrous connective tissue, that hold the bones of a joint together.
Ligaments can be inside (intracapsular) and outside (extracapsular) the synovial joint capsule.
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Knee Bursae
Bursa – small fluid filled sacks, help to reduce friction in some major joints.
Joint Related Structures
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Joint Related Structures
Tendons – tough bands ofconnective tissue joiningmuscles to bones.
Typically attach to bones nearthe joints.
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Immovable jointsJoints - Fixed
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Slightly movable jointsJoints –Slightly movable