Download - Artificial Heart
ARTIFICIAL HEART
Liliana Agostinho, 65109 Joana Paulo, 72455
Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering Professor Maria Teresa Pinheiro
A PROMISING APPROACH IN ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
May 31st, 2012
Artifi
cial H
eart
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
History
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial Heart
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Introduction DEFINITION
“An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted into the human body to replace one or many functions of a natural organ, which usually are related to life support.”
Life support to prevent imminent death while awaiting a transplant
Dramatic improvement of the patient’s ability
for self-care
Improvement of patient’s ability to interact socially
Esthetic restoration after cancer surgery or
accident
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
Prevention or delay of chronic complications of diabetes
Less patient inconvenience and discomfort
State of the Art
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
Islets of Langerhans, collected from animals or designed from stem cells, producing insulin, amylin and glucanon.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
ARTIFICIAL LIVER EXTRACORPOREAL LIVER ASSIST DEVICE (ELAD)
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
ARTIFICIAL LIVER
First bioartificial liver developed from stem cells with the size of a coin
HepaLife’s device consists on PICM-19 cells inside a bioreactor that can function as an external liver
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
OTHER APPLICATIONS
ü Dialysis machine;
ü Artificial trachea;
ü Cochlear implant;
ü Brain pacemakers;
ü Artificial eye (miniature digital camera with a remote unidirectional electronic interface implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or other related locations inside the brain;
ü Artificial limbs.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Anatomy and Physiology
ü Localization and layers;
ü Cardiac cycle.
ü Heart chambers and valves;
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References Heart Failure
-Cardiovascular disease
-Heart attack
-High blood pressure
-Heart diseases that attack
the heart muscle or the
cardiac valves
Pathology
Cage Ball Valve
1952
Tilting-disc valves
1960
Bileaflet valve
1979
Biological tissue valves
Valve’s Evolution
Made with high strength biocompatible material are durable and have long-term
functional capability.
Subject to thrombus deposition and complications resulting from emboli Patients with implanted mechanical valves need to be on long-term anticoagulant therapy.
Mechanical Heart Valves
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Mechanical Properties
Stretching
Bending
Twisting
Mechanical Heart Valve
Material requirements ü Cause minimal trauma to blood elements and the endothelial tissue surrounding the
valve; ü Good resistance to wear; ü Minimize chances for thrombus deposition; ü Be non-degradable in the physiological environment; ü Neither absorb blood constituents or release foreign substances into the blood; ü Good surface finish.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Degradation of valve components
Clinical complications
(Valve) Structural
failure
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Problems
Heart Cloning – Case study ① Stem cells are injected by intra-coronary method. ② A guiding catheter is put into the coronary artery to achieve the target. ③ A balloon is sent and then inflated to stop the blood supply for a couple of minutes. ④ A lumen is inserted, through which a million stem cells, cultivated from the bone
marrow of the patient, are injected in the artery. ⑤ Stem cells reach the target area. ⑥ The balloon is inflated till the stem cells are injected so that blood does not flow
during the process.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Total Artificial Heart (TAH) - device that replaces the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) and is attached to your heart's upper chambers.
Total Artificial Heart
Tubes exit the body and connect to a machine that powers and controls how the CardioWest TAH works.
CARDIOWEST TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
ABIOCOR TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
AbioCor TAH is completely contained inside the chest. A battery powers this TAH. The battery is charged through the skin with a special magnetic charger
v TAH usually extends life for months beyond what is expected with end-stage heart failure. If you're waiting for a heart transplant, a TAH can keep you alive while you wait for a donor heart. However, it’s a very complex device.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Last Research
Conclusion Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References
Some devices will provide assistance while new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy, or engineered tissues are employed to repair or replace the damaged organ.
There has been considerable improvement in the durability and functional efficiency of mechanical heart valves
All current models of mechanical heart valves need anti coagulation therapy to minimize the risk of thrombosis and embolism.
With the current technology, it is plausible that the use of TAHs will increase, as will the development of devices with lower mechanical faults, more systemic control, increased patient freedom and fewer overall complications.
References [1] - http://www.bmecentral.com/artificial-organs.html (last login in 16/07/2012); [2] - MILLER, G., Artificial Organs, Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, 2006, doi: 10.2200/S00023ED1V01Y200604BME004; [3] - http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/ (last login in 16/07/2012); [4] - http://echo.gmu.edu/bionics/exhibits.htm (last login in 16/07/2012); [5] - JAREMKO, J. and RORSTAD, O., Advances Toward the Implantable Artificial Pancreas for Treatment of Diabetes, Diabetes Care, Volume 21, Number 3, March 1998, 444-450; [6] - SHETKY, L. et al, A Closed Loop Implantable Artificial Pancreas Using Thin Film Nitinol MEMS Pumps, Proceedings, International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-2003), Pacific Grove, California (2003); [7] – MURAKAMI, A. and SABBATINI, A., Sensores de glucose e bombas de insulina – em busca do pâncreas artificial; [8]http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/38003/ (last login in 16/07/2012); http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/04/health/artificial-pancreas/index.html [9] Mitamura Y, Hosooka K, Matsomoto T, Otaki K and Sakai K. Development of a fine ceramic Heart valves. Journal of Biomaterials Application. Publisher Sage Publication, London. [10] JOUNG, G. and CHO, B., An Energy Transmission System for an Artificial Heart Using Leakage Inductance Compensation of Transcutaneous Transformer, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 6, November 1998, 1013-1022; [11] WESTABY, S., The need for artificial hearts, Heart 1996; 76:200-206; [12] GONZÁLEZ, B. et al., Biomechanics of mechanical heart valve, Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED at University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, December 2003; [13] http://www.publico.pt/Ciências/coracao-artificial-primeiro-orgao-biologico-feito-em-laboratorio-1316632 [14] SLEPIAN, M. et al., The Syncardia CardiowestTM Total Artificial Heart.
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Mechanical Heart Valve
Heart Cloning
Total Artificial
Heart
Conclusion
References