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AS AS ComputingComputing
F451F451
AS AS ComputingComputing
F451F451
Data TransmissionData Transmission
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What data is transmitted?
PhoneSMSEmailRadioTVInternet
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NetworksNetworksAllow communication between usersSharing of software & hardware
LANWAN
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LAN & WANLAN & WAN
Local Area NetworkCovers a small area eg. Building or single siteMore secure than a WAN
Wide Area NetworkCovers wide geographical area – countries and even continents
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Network Interface CardNetwork Interface CardNICConnects PC or peripheral to networkNetwork Operating System
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Other Network HardwareOther Network Hardware
RoutersServers
Printer ServersFile ServersEmail Servers
BridgesGateways
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What do you need for a What do you need for a LAN?LAN?
NICCablingServer
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How is Data Transmitted?How is Data Transmitted?
Binary numbers are sent as either electronic pulses or fibre optic light beams
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Methods of TransmittingMethods of Transmitting
Serial
Parallel
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Serial & Parallel Serial & Parallel TransmissionTransmission
Serial1 bit is transmitted at a timeSingle wire
ParallelMany bits transmitted at a timeMany wires
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Methods of TransmissionMethods of Transmission
SimplexOne direction
DuplexBoth directions simultaneously
Half DuplexBoth directions – one at a time
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HandshakingHandshakingSignal sent between 2 devices to ensure they are both ready to communicate1st Device sends a handshake signal which is acknowledged by the other deviceThis states that each is now ready for communication
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Bit RatesBit Rates
Number of bits that can be sent in 1 second.Units of BaudI bit per second = 1 Baud
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Transmission ErrorsTransmission Errors
Binary numbers can be corrupted during transmission
Echoing backParity
Odd & EvenCheck sumPart of the Transmission Protocol
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Parity BitsParity Bits
1 1 0 0 1 1 0Parity BitParity BitParity BitParity Bit
EvenEven ParityParity
1 1 0 1 0 0 0Parity BitParity BitParity BitParity Bit
1
0
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Parity BitsParity Bits
1 1 0 0 1 1 0Parity BitParity BitParity BitParity Bit
OddOdd ParityParity
1 1 0 1 0 0 0Parity BitParity BitParity BitParity Bit
0
1
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Checksum – Detecting Checksum – Detecting Transmission ErrorsTransmission Errors
Bytes send in blocksValue of bytes within the block are added togetherThat value is also sent in a byteChecksum byte is checked at receiving endIf checksum is incorrect then a transmission error has occured
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ProtocolsProtocolsSet of rules that govern the transmission of data e.g. http or TCP/IPLogical Parts of Protocol
Type of error checking usedPacket size usedBaud Rate
Physically Parts of ProtocolCabling usedWireless or Hard wireFrequency data is sent
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Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Message is sent in its entirety through one predetermined routeTies up large areas of networkMessage packets remain in correct orderMessage can be more easily intercepted as it stays on the same route
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Packet SwitchingPacket Switching
A message is split into packetsEach packet is sent to the destination via different routesPackets arrive at destination in different times and different orderPut back into order when all packets arriveMaximises use of networkMessage cannot be (easily) intercepted