FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica1
Writtenby:AshleyGrant,MPHCaitlinWeiger,MHSMarkSpires,MPHJoannaCohen,PhDProducedJune2017by:InstituteforGlobalTobaccoControlJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth2213McElderrySt.,FourthFloorBaltimore,MD21205USAwww.jhsph.edu/igtcwww.globaltobaccocontrol.orgAcknowledgementsTheInstituteforGlobalTobaccoControl(IGTC)attheJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth(JHSPH)wishestoacknowledgeAliançadePromoçaodaSáude,ComisiónNacionalPermanentedeLuchaAntitabáquica,EducaciónPopularenSalud,FundaciónInterAmericanadelCorazónArgentina,andtheFundaciónInterAmericanadelCorazónBoliviafortheirassistancewithdatacollection,andtheCampaignforTobacco-FreeKidsforfacilitatingworkbetweenIGTCandtheorganizationslistedaboveandforprovidingbackgroundinformation.IGTCalsothanksTeresaDeAtleyforleadingthetraininginChileandJoannaLopezforleadingthetrainingsinBoliviaandPeru.ThisworkwassupportedwithfundingfromBloombergPhilanthropies’BloombergInitiativetoReduceTobaccoUse(www.bloomberg.org).Copyright2017InstituteforGlobalTobaccoControlSuggestedCitation:InstituteforGlobalTobaccoControl.TechnicalReportonFlavoredCigarettesatthePoint-of-SaleinLatinAmerica:AvailabilityandMarketingaroundPrimaryandSecondarySchoolsinFiveCountries.Baltimore,MD:JohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth;June2017.Formoreinformation,pleasecontact:[email protected]
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica2
TableofContentsTableofContents............................................................................................................................................................................................2
ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................4
FlavoredTobaccoProducts..................................................................................................................................................................4
MarketingFlavoredTobaccoProducts............................................................................................................................................6
TheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl.......................................................................................................................7
CountryMarketsandRegulations......................................................................................................................................................7
Argentina.................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Bolivia.......................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Brazil.........................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Chile...........................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Peru.........................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Methods...........................................................................................................................................................................................................10
SamplingApproach...............................................................................................................................................................................10
SurveyInstrument.................................................................................................................................................................................11
DataCollectionProtocol......................................................................................................................................................................12
Training......................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Results..............................................................................................................................................................................................................15
MarketingforCigaretteswithMentholorOtherFlavorDescriptorsAcross5Countries......................................16
Argentina...................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Bolivia..........................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Brazil............................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Chile..............................................................................................................................................................................................................44
Peru..............................................................................................................................................................................................................53
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................61
Limitations......................................................................................................................................................................................................61
Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................................................................61
KeyTermsandDefinitions......................................................................................................................................................................62
AppendixA:CigarettePacksPurchasedinArgentina.................................................................................................................64
AppendixB:CigarettePacksPurchasedinBolivia........................................................................................................................66
AppendixC:CigarettePacksPurchasedinBrazil..........................................................................................................................66
AppendixD:CigarettePacksPurchasedinChile...........................................................................................................................70
AppendixE:CigarettePacksPurchasedinPeru............................................................................................................................72
References......................................................................................................................................................................................................72
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica3
ExecutiveSummaryThetobaccoepidemickillsmorethansixmillionpeopleworldwideeachyearandisprojectedtokillonebillionpeoplethiscentury.InLatinAmerica,totalcigarettesalesaredeclining,butthesalesofflavoredcigarettesareclimbing.Thisreportdescribesastudythatexaminedcigaretteretailerswithinaradiusof100-250metersaroundschoolsinArgentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile,andPeru.
Theresultsofthisstudyshowthatcigarettepackscarryingflavordescriptorswerefrequentlydisplayedandadvertisedatthepoint-of-salenearschools.Mostoftheflavoredcigarettesobservedaresoldbylarge,multinationalcompaniessuchasBritishAmericanTobacco,JapanTobaccoInternational,andPhilipMorrisInternational.
Flavoredproductsappealtoyoungandinexperiencedsmokers,potentiallyleadingtoalifetimeofaddictionanddisease.Inordertomaintainprofits,tobaccocompaniesmustattractyoungsmokerstoreplacethemillionsofcustomersthatdiefromtobacco-causeddiseasesorquiteachyear.Mostflavoredcigarettesobservedcontainedmintflavoringormenthol–asubstancethatalsomakesiteasiertoinhalecigarettesmokeandabsorbnicotinethusacceleratingtheaddictionprocess.Otherflavorsincludedfruits,alcohol,andspices.Manyoftheflavorsusednon-conventionaldescriptionssuchas“DoubleClickCrisp”or“IceBlast”tocommunicatetheirflavorcomponents.
Inordertoprotectandsavelives,countriesshouldadoptandeffectivelyimplementpoliciesthatprohibittheuseoftobaccoproductflavorings,prohibittheuseofmisleadingpackagingandlabeling,andprohibitallformsofdirectandindirectadvertising,promotion,andsponsorship,includingthedisplayoftobaccoproductsatretailpointsofsale.
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IntroductionTobaccouseistheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathanddiseaseacrosstheglobe.1InLatinAmerica,morethan370,000peopledieeveryyearfromdiseasescausedbytobaccouse.2AlthoughthesaleoftobaccoflavoredcigaretteshasseenasteadydeclineintheLatinAmericanregionoverthepastseveralyears,thedeclinehasbeentemperedbyamarkedincreaseinsalesofflavoredcigarettes,particularlythosecontainingflavorcapsules.3ThisreportexaminestheavailabilityandmarketingofflavoredcigarettesinfivecitiesinLatinAmerica:BuenosAires,Argentina,LaPaz,Bolivia,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,Santiago,ChileandLima,Peru.
Flavoringagentsaredefinedas“anaturalorsyntheticsubstanceormixtureofsubstancesthatimparts,modifies,enhancesorintensifiestheflavoroftobaccoproducts,”whichcanbeaddedtocigarettestocreateflavoredcigarettes.4 Someflavoredcigarettescontainflavorcapsulesthatareembeddedinthefilter.Consumerspressonthefiltertocrushthecapsuleandreleasealiquidthatflavorsthesmoke.5 Branddescriptorsarewords,numbersorimagerythatareincorporatedintothemarketingofthetobaccoproduct(suchaspackdesignorposters)andcanbeusedtodenoteflavorandtaste.6 Flavordescriptorscanalsobefoundonotherpartsofthepackotherthaninthebrandvariantname.
Forthepurposesofthisstudy,tobaccoflavoredcigarettesaredefinedascigarettesthatdonotinclude,somewhereonthecigarettepackortheassociatedmarketingmedia(suchasprintsignage),languageorimageryindicatingacharacterizingflavor,suchasmentholorchocolate,thatwouldchangetheflavorofthetobaccoinamannerthatisnoticeablebythesmoker.Cigarettescategorizedascontainingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsinclude,somewhereonthecigarettepackortheassociatedmarketingmedia,languageorimagerythatimpliesthepresenceofadditives,includingmenthol,thatwouldchangetheflavorofthetobaccowhichisnoticeablebythesmoker,orthattheflavorofthetobaccoisdifferentinsomewayfromtobaccoflavoredcigarettes.Conventionalflavordescriptorsrefertotermsorimagerydescribingarecognizableflavor,suchas:fruit,alcohol,coffee,sweets,spices,andmintormenthol.Non-conventionalflavordescriptors,bycontrast,aretermsorimagerythatdonotcorrespondtoatypicallyrecognizableflavor,andcaninclude:lexicalcolordescriptors(purplecrush,rubyburst),descriptorsindicatingafresh,chill,orcooltaste,technologywordsorsymbols(pressplay),flavorchangedescriptors(clicktoactivate),andalphanumericdescriptors(MX12).
FlavoredTobaccoProductsThetobaccoindustryhaslongsoughttodesigna“youth”cigarettebyincorporatingflavors.7ASeptember1972Brown&WilliamsonTobaccoCorporationProjectReportstates,“It’sawell-knownfactthatteenagerslikesweetproducts.Honeymightbeconsidered.”8Thedocumentsuggestsadditionalflavors,includingcolaandapple.8InaseparateBrown&WilliamsonTobaccoCorporationinternalcorrespondencememodatedJanuary18,1984,theauthorwrites“smokersofflavoredcigaretteswouldlikelybe:youngandinexperiencedsmokers,possiblyfad-consciousteenagersorcollegekidswhowouldliketoexperiment…womenandyoungpeoplewhowanttolooklikesmokerseventhoughtheydonotlikecigarettes.”9Similarly,anOctober1992reportauthoredbyPhilipMorrisconcludesthatflavorshavea“highcuriosity-to-tryfactor”thatcutsacrossgendersandthat“youngadultsthroughearly30’svoicedsimilarlevelsofinterest.”10The
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reportsuggestsflavorssuchasmelon,kolaspice,piñacolada,andcreamyorange.10
ResearchersdetectedadiversesetofflavoredcigarettesontheU.S.marketasearlyasOctober2004.11Brown&WilliamsonbroughtflavoredcigarettestothemarketbyintroducingcigarettepackssuchasMochaTabooandMidnightBerry.11RJReynoldsalsobroughtflavoredcigarettestothemarketwithlabelsthatincludedMandarinMint,MargaritaMixer,TwistaLime,andWarmWinterToffee.11Ina2003reportpreparedforRJReynolds,flavoredcigaretteswerefoundtoappealtomultiplesenses(taste,smell,aural,tactile),allowsmokerstocontroltheflavorasdesiredandcontainanelementoffun.12Thereportrecommendsthatmultipleflavorsbemadeavailablebythecompany.12
Cigarettemanufacturerscontroltheirproducts’sensorycharacteristics(e.g.,taste,smell,mouthfeel)inawaythatallowsthemtomaketheirproductsmoreattractivetoconsumergroupsandtotargetthembasedonpreferencesgleanedfromtheirconsumerresearch.Flavoringsareaddedtomasktheharshtasteoftobaccosmoke,makingflavoredproductsmorepalatableandappealingtoyoungpeople.11,13Menthol’scooling,analgesic,andsoothingeffectsonthethroatandmouthreducetheirritatingandharsheffectsofnicotine,increasingtheeaseofsmoking.14
Mentholisaparticularlyimportantadditiveforthetobaccoindustry.Mentholisincludedasanadditiveinmostcigarettesevenwhenitisnotindicatedinthenameofthebrandvariantoronthelabelofthepack.15Internaltobaccoindustrystudiesconfirmthatmentholincreasesproductappealtoinitiatorsbymaskingthetasteoftobacco,reducingthroatirritation,andmakingsmokeeasiertoinhale.16Tobaccoindustrydocumentationhasshownthatmentholisaddedtocigarettesbecauseitisknowntobeattractivetoinexperiencedsmokerswhoperceivementholcigarettesaslessharsh,lessharmful,andeasiertosmoke.17–19Tobaccoindustrydocumentsconfirmitsuseofmenthol,inpart,toattractandretainuninitiated,youngersmokers,someofwhomsmokementholcigarettesbecauseoftheirperceptionthattheyarelessharmfulduetomenthol’scoolingandsmoothingeffects.20Flavoredtobaccoproductsarepopularwithyouth,21,22encouragingearlyinitiation23–25andresultinginhighratesofuseamongyouthandyoungadults.Onestudyfoundthatmorethanhalfoftobacco-usingstudentsingrades9through12inCanadauseflavoredtobaccoproducts,despiteanationalbanoncertainflavoredtobaccoproducts.26AnotherstudyfoundthatsmokersinMexicowhopreferflavoredcigarettes,especiallythosewithcapsules,viewtheseproductsashavingamorepositiveappeal,bettertaste,andlessriskthanotherbrandvarieties.13Asystematicreviewof40studiesfromnumerouscountriesshowedbothsmokersandnon-smokersratedtobaccowithflavordescriptorsasmoreappealingandlessharmful,andthatconsumersofflavoredtobaccoproductsshowdecreasedlikelihoodofintentionstoquit.27In2006theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)recognizedthedangersofflavoredtobaccoproducts,statingthatthese,“…seeminglyharmless-sounding[flavoring]ingredients,suchaschocolate,licorice,andsugars,…cancontributetoincreasedcarcinogenicandaddictiveeffects.”28Candy-likeflavoringadditivessuchaslicorice,chocolate,cocoa,andvanillaalsoservetoimprovethetasteoftobaccoproductsandreducetheirinitialharshness.Whenburned,someofthese
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica6
additivesreleasecancer-causingchemicalcompounds.29“Substancessuchasmentholandsweetenerscanalsomakeiteasiertoinhalethistoxicmixturedeepintothelungs,bysmoothingthesmokeanddeadeningthesenses”.28Inaddition,mentholandotheradditivessuchascocoa,licorice,vanillin,andsugars,havebeenclassifiedbytheEuropeanCommission’sScientificCommitteeonEmergingandNewlyIdentifiedHealthRisksas‘prioritysubstances’becauseoftheirhazardprofile,whichincludestheirpotentialtoxicityandpotentialattractiveness.30AWHOAdvisorynoterecommendsthatmentholshouldbebannedfromuseincigarettes.Itconcludesthatmentholcigarettespromoteyouthexperimentationandprogressiontoregularusemorethannon-mentholcigarettesandthatsmokingratesofmentholcigarettesarehigheramongyouthandyoungadults,females,andethnicminorities.Tailoredadvertisingandinnovativeproductssuchascigaretteswithmentholcapsulescontributetogreateruseofmentholcigarettesbythesegroups.Inaddition,adolescentsmokersoftheseproductsaremoredependentthannon-mentholcigarettesmokersandquitattemptsbymentholsmokersarelesssuccessful.31In2009,theUnitedStatesbannedtheuseofsomeflavorsincigarettes,describingtheproductsas“agatewayformanychildrenandyoungadultstobecomeregularsmokers.”32
MarketingFlavoredTobaccoProductsTobaccocompaniesfurthercapitalizeontheappealofflavoredproductsbyusingdeceptiveandpredatorymarketingpracticestoincreaseconsumptionandmaketobaccouseappearglamorousorsociallyacceptablewhiledismissingtheproducts’adversehealtheffects.33Thisismostevidentthroughadvertisingandpromotioninitiativesatthepoint-of-sale(POS),includingproductdisplays,whereflavoredproductpackagingandimageryarepowerfulsourcesofadvertisingandpromotion.34
Numerouslongitudinalstudiesdemonstratethatexposuretotobaccoproductadvertisingandpromotionincreasesthelikelihoodthatyouthwillstarttosmoke35andthatthedisplayoftobaccoproductsatthePOShasthesameeffectandinfluenceonbehaviorastraditionalmediaadvertising.36Marketinginretailenvironmentsspecificallyhasbeenshowntoincreasethelikelihoodofsmokinginitiationamongyouth.37Onestudyfoundthatstoreswhereadolescentsfrequentlyshopmaycontainnearlythreetimesasmanymarketingmaterialsandshelfspaceforpopulartobaccobrands.38WhiletobaccocompanieslikeBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),andJapanTobaccoInternational(JTI)publiclystatethattheirproductsareonlyintendedforandmarketedtoadultconsumers,39–41a2015reportdocumentedmarketingpracticesthatappealtoyouthinArgentina,Brazil,Colombia,andMexico.42Researchershaveobservedtheuseoflongerbrandvariantnamesincludingdescriptorsthatevokesensationsorproductfeaturesthattheindustrywaspreviouslyallowedtomarket,butisnowrestrictedfromusing.43Someofthesenewerbrandvariantnamesmaybetakingtheplaceofexplicitpresentationofflavors.Thereisevidencethatthetobaccoindustryisadaptingtoanincreasinglystrictregulatoryenvironmentthatimposesmorerestrictionsonpacksbychangingoraddingtothenamesoftheirbrandvariants.InAustralia,shortlybeforetherequirementsforplainpackagingcameintoeffect,theindustryincreasinglyincludedcolordescriptorsaspartofthe
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica7
brandvariantname.43,44OtherresearchersanalyzingbrandvariantsavailableinAustraliaalsofoundthatcolorwastheleadingthemeofbrandvariantnames,with70%ofthe120variantsidentifiedusingcolorconnotations.OtherdescriptorsrelatingtocolorsuchasSky,Night,Dawn,Sun,Storm,Sea,Ice,Frost,andChillwerealsofrequentlynoted.45Colordescriptorscaninfluenceperceptionsofharmandincreaseproductappeal.Theuseofcertaincolorterms,including‘silver’and‘gold’wereratedaslowertar,lowerhealthrisk,andyouthratedthemasmorelikelytobetheirchoiceofpackiftheychosetosmokeinanonlinesurveyofadultsandyouthsaskedtocomparepairsofpacksonmultipleindicators.46
TheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlManygovernmentsatthenationalandsub-nationallevelshaveenactedlawsbanningorrestrictingflavoredand/ormentholtobaccoproducts,infulfillmentofcountryobligationsundertheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl.TheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)articlesaddressingthepracticesdescribedinthisreportincludeFCTCArticles9,11,and13.47FCTCArticle9requiresPartiestoenactandimplementeffectivemeasurestoregulatetobaccoproductcontentsandemissions.48ThePartialGuidelinesforImplementationofArticle9and10indicatePartiesshouldprohibitorrestrictingredientsthatmaybeusedtoincreasepalatabilityoftobaccoproductsandthatthereisnojustificationforpermittingflavoringagentsintobaccoproductsbecausetheyhelpmaketobaccoproductsmoreattractive,whichinturnencouragestheiruse.49FCTCArticle11.1(a)requiresPartiestoenactandimplementmeasurestoensurethatpackagingandlabelingdonotpromoteatobaccoproductbymeansthatcreateanerroneousimpressionaboutatobaccoproduct’scharacteristics,healtheffects,hazards,oremissions,orthatdirectlyorindirectlycreatethefalseimpressionthataparticulartobaccoproductislessharmfulthanothers.50Article13requiresacomprehensivebanonallformsoftobaccoadvertising,promotionandsponsorship(TAPS).51TheArticle13GuidelinesmakeitclearthatretaildisplayoftobaccoproductsandotherformsofadvertisingandpromotionatretailPOSareformsoftobaccoadvertisingandthatyoungpeopleareparticularlyvulnerabletothepromotionaleffectsofproductdisplays.52CountryMarketsandRegulationsFlavoredcigarettesinLatinAmericahavebecomepopular.Between2010and2015,salesofcapsulecigaretteshaveincreasedinArgentina,Bolivia,Chile,andPeru.53–56CompletedataonthesaleofflavoredcigarettesinBrazilhasnotbeenpublished,asconfirmedbyJakePalley,MPP(emailcommunication,2017).
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica8
ArgentinaArgentinabecameasignatorytotheFCTConSeptember25,2003.57AmongArgentina’salmost43millionresidents,5829.4%ofmenand15.6%ofwomen(22.1%overall)currentlysmoketobacco.59Flavoredcigarettes,particularlythosecontainingflavorcapsuleshavebecomepopularinArgentina(especiallyamong“young”smokers),risingfrom1%oftotalcigarettessalesin2010to15%in2015.53PMIwasthemarketshareleaderinArgentinain2015with76.7%ofthemarketin2015.Thatsameyear,BATheld18.9%ofthemarketshare,followedbyJapanTobaccoInc(JTI)with3.6%,ExpertSAwith0.3%,ImperialTobaccowith0.2%,andothercompanieswith0.3%ofthemarket.60
FlavoredtobaccoproductsarenotcurrentlyregulatedinArgentina.Accordingtothenationallaw,theMinistryofHealthisrequiredtoestablishabanontheuseofspecificingredientsthatincreasethetotaltoxicityinherentintheproductsunderanalysisprovideditisshowntobeinaccordancewithobjectivescientificcriteriaandinternationalstandards.61TheMinistryofHealthhasnotusedthisprovisiontobananyadditiveinArgentina.However,tobaccoproductmanufacturersandimporters(butnotretailersorwholesalers)areprohibitedfrompresentinginformationtothepublicconcerningingredientsthataresupposedlybeneficialtohealth,flavoringsoraromaticscents,orstatementsreferringtosuchingredientshavingthepossibleeffectofmakingconsumptionoftheproductmoreattractivetochildrenandadolescents,orgivingtheideathatitislesshazardoustohealth.61Additionally,tobaccoproductpackagingandadvertisingmaynotdirectlyorindirectlycreatethefalse,erroneousordeceptiveimpressionthataparticulartobaccoproductislessharmfulthananotherorthatmayleadtoerrorwithrespecttoitscharacteristics,effectsonhealth,risksoremissions.61POSadvertisingandpromotionisexemptfromthegeneralbanontobaccoadvertisingandpromotion.61Instead,therearerestrictionsplacedonPOSadvertisingandpromotion.Two30cmx30cmtwodimensional,non-illuminatedsignsatthePOSareallowed.Thefirstisforlistingtheproductsavailableforeachmanufacturerorimporter,withthebrand,logo,andpriceoflistedproducts;thesecondisforthepromotionofthelistedproducts.Thesignsmustnotbevisiblefromoutsideandarerequiredtocarryhealthwarningsthatoccupy20%ofthesurfacearea.AllotheradvertisingatPOSisprohibited,including1)directorindirectincentivestostimulatepurchase,2)useofbrandsorlogosfornon-tobaccoproductsontobaccoproducts,and3)thesaleordisplayofnon-tobaccoproductsthatcontaintext,photos,imagesorlogosassociatedwithtobaccoproducts.61ImplementationofthesemeasuresinsubnationaljurisdictionshasbeenchallengedbyNoblezaPiccardo,theBATaffiliateinArgentina.62BoliviaBoliviabecameapartytotheFCTConSeptember15,2015.57AmongBolivia’salmost11millionresidents,6338.6%ofmenand11.2%ofwomensmoketobacco.64Asinotherpartsoftheregion,flavoredcigarettes,includingmenthol,aresoldinBolivia.Innovativetobaccoproductsreleasedrecentlyinthecountryincludedtwocapsulecigarettes.54InBolivia,marketsharesin2015weremainlydividedbetweenthreecompanies:CíaIndustrialdeTobacosSA(56.2%),PMI(32.6%),andJTI(8.1%),withothercompaniesmakingup3.1%ofthemarket.65
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica9
Bolivianlawdoesnotregulateflavoredtobaccoproducts.Misleadingdescriptorsandclaimsareprohibitedonpacks.66POSadvertisingisspecificallyallowed,provideditcarriesahealthwarning,isnotvisiblefromoutside,anddoesnotincludesuggestionsthatpromotetheproductbymeansthatarefalse,misleading,ordeceptiveorlikelytocreateanerroneousimpressionaboutitshazards,healtheffects,oremissions;orthatclaimtheyarelessharmfulthanothertobaccoproducts.66BrazilBrazilbecameapartytotheFCTCon3November,2005.57AmongBrazil’salmost206millionresidents,6718.9%ofmenand11%ofwomen(14.7%overall)currentlysmoketobacco.68InBrazilin2015,BATcontrolled80%ofthemarketofcigarettes,PMIhad15.8%andothercompaniesmadeup4.2%.69Marketanalystsestimatethataround2%oftotalcigarettesalesinBrazilareflavored,withthemostpopularflavorsbeingchocolate,menthol,vanillaandgillyflower.70Thisestimate,however,isnotbasedoncompletesalesdataincludingflavorcapsules,which,unlikeforotherlargemarketsintheregion,hasnotbeenmadepubliclyavailableforBrazil,asconfirmedbyJakePalley,MPP(emailcommunication,2017).InformationfromtheAgênciaNacionaldeVigilânciaSanitária(ANVISA),Brazil’spublichealthsurveillanceauthority,asretrievedbyJakePalley,MPP,showsthatofthe510newtobaccoproductapplicationsthathavebeenapprovedsince2012,45.3%(n=231)wereforflavoredproducts(emailcommunication,2017).Thegovernmentissuedaregulationbanningmosttobaccoproductadditives,includingflavorings,in2012.4However,implementationhasbeenstayedpendingtheresolutionofalegalchallengefiledbySinditabaco,atobaccolobbyinggroup.71Misleadingtermsonpackagingandlabelingandmisleadingordeceptiveadvertisingareprohibited.72,73POSadvertisingandpromotionareprohibited,withtheexceptionofproductdisplays.74ChileChilebecameapartytotheFCTCon13June,2005.57AmongChile’sover17andahalfmillionresidents,7532.1%ofmenand26.3%ofwomensmoketobacco.76MoresmokersinChileareusingflavoredcigarettes,with2015seeinga6%increaseinsalesofflavorcapsulecigarettes,whichnowaccountfor32%ofcigarettesales.55BATdominatedthemarketwitha95.8%shareinChilein2015;PMIhadonly3.3%,andothercompaniesmadeup0.9%ofthemarket.77TheMinistryofHealthhastheauthoritytoprohibittheuseofadditivesandsubstancesduringmanufacturingthatincreaselevelsofaddiction,harm,orriskintheconsumersoftobaccoproducts.78,79TheMinistryofHealthattemptedtobanmentholbuttheregulationswereneveradoptedandimplemented.80AdraftbillcurrentlyunderdiscussionintheNationalCongressproposestoclarifytheauthoritygiventotheMinistryofHealth,explicitlyallowingittobanadditivesthatincreaseaddictivenessorharmeitherdirectlyorindirectly.81Moreover,itproposestodirectlybanthesaleofcigaretteswithdistinctiveflavorsthatareknowntobehabituallyconsumedbychildren,suchasmenthol,vanilla,andlemon.81
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica10
Chile’slawsalsoprohibitincludingmisleadingterms,butnotothersigns,suchascolorsandnumbersinthenameorpropertiesassociatedwiththeproductbrand.78,82Advertisingoftobaccoandelementsofthebrandsareprohibited,includingatPOS,subjecttoafewexceptionsincludingPOSproductdisplays.78PeruPerubecameapartytotheFCTCon30November,2004.57AmongPeru’s30.74millionresidents,8317.9%ofmenand4.5%ofwomensmoketobacco.84In2015,flavoredcigarettesaccountedfor43%ofoverallcigarettesalesinPeru,withnewtwocapsulecigarettesintroducedduringtheyear.56In2015inPeru,BATcontrolledthemajorityofthemarket(86.1%),PMIhad10.3%,JTI2.2%andothercompanies1.4%.85LawsinPerudonotregulateflavoredtobaccoproducts.Thereisabroadprohibitiononmisleadingpackagingandlabelingthatincludestermsandanyothersigns.86,87Tobaccoadvertisingandpromotion,includingproductdisplays,areallowedatthePOS,providedtheproductsaredisplayedinamannerthatshowsthepackwarnings.87Peru’stobaccocontrollawallowsotherformsandmeansoftobaccoadvertisingandpromotion,butadvertisingcannotbeaimedatminors.86
MethodsThisstudyaboutthemarketingandavailabilityofflavoredcigarettesatthePOSinfivecitiesinLatinAmericawasledbytheInstituteforGlobalTobaccoControl(IGTC)attheJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth(JHSPH).IGTCpartneredwiththeCampaignforTobacco-FreeKids(CTFK)andwithalocaltobaccocontrolorganizationineverycity.Localpartnersprovidedguidanceandcontextaboutthesamplingframework,andIGTCdesignedthesurveyinstrumentanddatacollectionprotocol.Ineachcity,investigatorsfromIGTCandCTFKtrained6-8peopletoconductthefieldwork.Thegroupsofdatacollectorsincludedstudentsandprofessionalsfromvariousfields.TheIGTCandCTFKstudyteamwason-siteineachcityfortraininganddatacollectiontotroubleshootanylogisticalortechnicalissues.Datacleaning,validation,andanalysiswerecarriedoutbyIGTC.
SamplingApproachThisstudysurveyedtobaccoretailersinBuenosAires,Argentina;LaPaz,Bolivia;RiodeJaneiro,Brazil;Santiago,Chile;andLima,Peru.InBrazilandChile,weselectedprimaryandsecondaryschoolswithineachofthecityboundaries,withconsiderationfortheneighborhood’s(1)retaildensity,(2)schooldensity,and(3)safetyandeaseofaccessibilityfordatacollectorstraversingthecitiesviapublictransportation.Eachschoolwasassignedauniqueidentificationcode.Anonlinemappinganddistancetoolwasusedtodefineasamplingarearadiusof100-250meterssurroundingeachschool,ensuringthatnoneofthesamplingareasoverlapped.Thesizeoftheradiiineachcitywasadjustedinordertomaximizethenumberofschoolsincludedinthesamplewhenschoollocationsweremoredenselyclusteredandlargerradiioverlapped.Datacollectorssurveyedaconveniencesampleoftobaccoretailerswithineachsamplingardea.InBrazil,datacollectorsobservednewsstands,smallbarsordrinkshops,bakeries,luncheonettesorjuiceshops,andbeachkiosks.InChile,datacollectorsobservedalmacenesdelbarrio,botillerias,mini-markets,kioskos,andsupermercados.
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica11
InPeru,ArgentinaandBoliviadatacollectorsreturnedtoaconveniencesampleofretailersthatwereidentifiedandobservedduringapreviousstudywhichtookplaceinFebruary,June,andJulyof2016(respectively),usingthesamesamplingapproachdescribedabove.InPeru,datacollectorsonlyreturnedtobodegas,andwerepermittedtoobservesupermarketsthatwereaddedtothesampleifidentifiedwhilewalkingbetweenbodegasthatwerelocatedwithinthesameschoolsamplingarea.DatacollectorsobservedbodegasandsupermercadosinPeru,andkiosksinArgentina.InBolivia,retailersincludedtiendasdelbarrio,dulceras/anaqueles,kioskos,micromercados,almacenes,andsupermercados.Datacollectorspurchasedcigarettesfromoneretailerineachschoolsamplingarea.InBrazilandChile,datacollectorspurchasedcigarettesfromthefirstretailertheyobservedinschoolsamplingareaswithoddidentificationcodes(101,103,105)andpurchasedcigarettesfromthesecondretailertheyobservedinschoolsamplingareaswithevenidentificationcodes(100,102,104).InPeru,Argentina,andBolivia,arandomnumbergeneratorwasusedtorandomlyselectonetobaccoretailerwithineachschoolsamplingareawheredatacollectorswouldmaketheirpurchase(fromthelistofretailersgeneratedduringapreviousproject).Iftherandomlyselectedretailerwasclosedornolongersoldtobacco,theIGTCstudyteamusedtherandomnumbergeneratortoselectanalternativeretailerwheredatacollectorscouldmakeapurchase.SurveyInstrumentThesurveyinstrumentwasdesignedtoaddressknowntrendsintobaccodisplay,advertisingandpromotionalcharacteristics,andkeycomponentsofPOSmarketingthatmayattractyouth(Figure1).Datacollectorsrecordedthedate,retailergeolocation,schoolsamplingareacode,POScode(whenapplicable),retailertype,retaileraddress,andothernotesorcommentsabouttheretailer.Thesurveyalsoaskedwhichtypesofcigaretteswereforsale,whichbrandshadflavoredcigarettes,whichtypesofflavordescriptorswereobserved,andwhethertheretailersoldlooseorsinglecigarettes.Theinstrumentincludedfieldstocaptureinformationaboutthepurchasedcigarettepacksandphotosofthedisplay,advertisement,orpromotionofcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavorsbothindoorsandoutdoors(Figure2).
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica12
Figure1.POSinstrumentcontentDisplay Advertising Promotion PurchasedCigarette
PacksCashierzone Printsignage(posters,
banners,flyers,shelfliners,backgrounds,etc.)
Pricediscounts(sale,coupon,multi-pack)
Cheapesttobaccoflavoredcigarettes(nomentholorotherflavor)
Behindthecashierzone Electronicsignage(digitalorvideo)
Freecigarettes Cheapestmentholonlycigarettes
Onapowerwalloftobaccoproducts
3-dimensionalsignage(e.g.giantcigarettepacks)
Gifts(freeorwithpurchase)
Cheapestcigaretteswithanotherflavor(withorwithoutmenthol)
Usinglights Signagevisiblefromoutdoors(mentholorotherflavoronly)
Contestsorcompetitions
Brandandvariety
Usingmovement Loyalty/rewardsschemeormentionofsocialmediachannel
Price
Onabrandedstandorcabinet
Brandstretching(hats,lighters,umbrella,shoppingbasketwithtobaccobranding)
Withsweets,snacksorsugarydrinks
Promotionsvisiblefromoutdoors(mentholorotherflavoronly)
Withproductsforchildren(toys,stickers,coloringbooks,etc.)
Attheeye-levelofchildren(1meterorlessfromthefloor)Displayvisiblefromoutdoors(mentholorotherflavoronly)Figure2.Purchasedcigarettepackinstrumentcontent
PackCharacteristicsBrand Conventionalflavor
descriptorsNumberofsticksperpack
Manufacturer Non-conventionalflavordescriptors
Mentionofflavorcapsules
Typeofcigarette(tobaccoflavoredorwithmentholorotherflavordescriptors)
Mentionofmenthol Numberofdistinctcapsuleflavorsperpack
Photosofeveryfaceofthepack
Useof"double"mentholdescriptors
Numberofcapsulesperstick
DataCollectionProtocolObservations,purchasedpacksandphotoswerecollectedfromretailersduringnormalbusinesshoursthroughoutthemonthofJanuary2017.InBrazilandChile,eachdatacollectorreceivedapacketofsamplingareamapsincludingtheuniqueschoolidentificationcodeandspacetorecord
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica13
theaddressesofretailersinthearea.Streetnamesandradiiboundarieswereclearlyvisibleonallsamplingareamaps.Datacollectorsidentifiedretailerswithinthesamplingareabyusingthemapstofollowasystematic-walkingpattern,observingallstreetswithinthedefinedradius.Themapsandlistofretailersincludedthename,address,anduniqueidentificationcodeoftheschool,aswellastheretaileraddress,type,anduniquePOScode.Duetoatechnicalglitchwiththeonlinemappinganddistancetool,wewereunabletogeneratesamplingareamapsinPeru,andonlyprovidedinformationabouttheschoolsandretailers.
Retailersthatsoldtobaccoproductspromptedarequestfordetailedobservationsoncigarettemarketing,whileonlythedate,retailergeolocation,schoolcode,POScode,retaileraddress,retailertype,andvisibilityfromtheschoolwererecordedforlocationsthatdidnotsellcigarettes.Datacollectorswroteorconfirmedtheaddressofeachcigaretteretailertheyobservedonthecorrespondingsamplingareamaps.Observationaldataandphotosofcigarettedisplays,advertisementsandpromotionswererecordedanduploadedtoacloud-baseddatabaseinreal-timewithinMagpi,amobiledatacollectionapplicationinstalledonsmartphones.Theorderofquestionsandformatofresponseoptionsweredesignedtofacilitaterapidanddiscreteobservationbydatacollectors.
Theinstrumentprompteddatacollectorstochecktheirsamplingareamapsandlistsofretailerstodeterminewhenandwheretheyshouldpurchasecigarettes.ThesamplingareamapsinBrazilandChileincludedaremindertopurchasecigarettesfromthefirstretailerobservedinsamplingareaswithoddidentificationcodes,orfromthesecondretailerobservedinsamplingareaswithevenidentificationcodes.InArgentina,BoliviaandPeru,therandomlyselectedretailerswheredatacollectorspurchasedcigaretteswerestarredandhighlightedonlistsofretailersandaddresses.Whenmakingapurchase,datacollectorswereinstructedtofirstaskthecashierforthecheapesttobaccoflavoredcigarettepackavailable(withoutmentholoranyotherflavor),thenforthecheapestmenthol-onlypackofcigarettes,followedbythecheapestcigarettepackwithanyotherflavor(whichcouldalsoincludementhol).Iftheretailersoldmultiplebrandsofthesametypeatthecheapestprice,datacollectorsaskedfortheproductthatwasmostpopular.Aftercompletingthepurchaseandexitingthestore,datacollectorsrecordedthebrand,price,andaphotoofeachcigarettepack.Packswereplacedinsmallplasticbagsandlabeledwiththeprice,andschoolcodeand/orPOScode.Everyuniquecigarettepackwasindividuallycodedforflavordescriptorsandproductfeatures(Figure2)byamemberofthestudyteam.
Attheendofeachobservationperiod,datacollectorsreportedtheaddress,samplingareacode,and/orPOScodeofeachretailertheyobservedbyenteringinformationintoaspreadsheethostedonGoogleDrive.TheIGTCstudyteamreviewedthesereportsinordertoverifytheuploadeddatasetandensurethatthemobilesoftwareapplicationwasfunctioningproperly.
TrainingSixtoeightpaiddatacollectorsattendedafulldaytrainingonhowtoimplementthestudyprotocolimmediatelybeforeeachdatacollectionperiod.Thestudyteamexplainedindetailthepurposeofthestudy,thecurrenttobaccocontrollaws,thesurveycontent,keytermsanddefinitions,theMapgisoftwareapplication,anddatacollectionprocedures.Datacollectorswereinstructedto
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica14
behaveascustomersinordertodiscretelyobservetheretailenvironmentandcapturephotos.Inordertoestimatetheplacementandproximityofproductsattheeyelevelofchildrenornearsweetsandotheryouthproducts,eachdatacollectorusedameasuringtapetoidentifya1-meterreferencepointontheirbody.Thedatacollectionteamwastrainedtorecognizetherelevantcigarettetypes,popularbrands,typesofflavors,andproductdisplay,advertising,andpromotionalcharacteristics.Duringthetraining,datacollectorsparticipatedinafieldtestofthestudyprotocoltopracticeusingthesurvey,mobileapp,anddatacollectionproceduresinnearbyretailers.
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica15
ResultsAcrossallfivecountries,weselected399schoolsamplingareas,310ofwhichwerevisited(Figure3).Cigaretteretailerswereidentifiedwithin77.9%(n=285)ofthesamplingareas,withradiithatrangedfrom100-250meterssurroundingtheschools.Datacollectorsidentified1,188storeswithinthesamplingareas,69.4%(n=825)ofwhichsoldcigarettes,andcollectedatotalof601cigarettepacksbypurchasingfromoneretailerwithineveryschoolsamplingarea.Figure3.Sampleofschoolsandretailersacrossfivecountries
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Peru Total
DatesofObservation 18-Jan 20-Jan 10-12Jan 27-31Jan 17-Jan 10-31Jan
SizeofRadius(meters) 250 100 175 250 250 100-250
SchoolsSelected 86 64 92 107 50 399
SchoolSamplingAreasObserved 49 51 86 81 43 310
SchoolSamplingAreaswithCigaretteRetailers
48 44 74 78 41 285
RetailersIdentified 308 114 282 372 112 1188
RetailersSellingCigarettes 244 93 205 183 100 825
CigarettePacksPurchased 108 72 156 195 70 601
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica16
MarketingforCigaretteswithMentholorOtherFlavorDescriptorsAcross5CountriesAmongthe825cigaretteretailersobservedacrossthe5countries,85.2%(n=703)soldcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,71.4%(n=589)soldcigaretteswithflavorcapsules,and41.5%(n=342)soldlooseorsinglecigarettes.Theseproductswereondisplayin92.3%(n=649)ofretailersandadvertisedin34.3%(n=241)ofretailers(Figure4).Specialpromotionswereofferedin7.3%(n=51)ofretailers.CigaretteswithflavorcapsulesFigure4.POSmarketingforcigaretteswithmentholandotherflavordescriptorsacross5countries(n=703)
7.3%
34.3%
92.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Promotions Advertising Productdisplay
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica17
Acrosstheretailersobservedinallfivecountries,cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweremostfrequentlyplacedinthecashierzone,(72.2%,n=512),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(59.2%,n=416),andbehindthecashierzone(45.9%,n=323)(Figure5).Someretailersusedlighteddisplays(30.2%,n=212)tocallattentiontocigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,whichwereoccasionallyplacedattheeye-levelofchildren(11.0%,n=77)ornearyouthproductslikecoloringbooksorstickers(8.8%,n=62).Figure5.POSdisplayofcigaretteswithmentholandotherflavordescriptorsacross5countries(n=703)
0.1% 8.8% 11.0%
19.8% 20.6% 30.2%
45.9%
59.2%
72.7%
92.3%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0%
100.0%
Usingmovement
Placednearyouthproducts
Placedattheeye-levelofchildren
Powerwalloftobaccoproducts
Onabrandedstandorcabinet
UsinglightsBehindthecashierzone
Placednear
sweets,snacksorsugarydrinks
Cashierzone
Anydisplay
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica18
Retailerstypicallyusedprintsignage(30.4%,n=214)toadvertisecigaretteswithmentholorothertobaccoproducts(Figure6).Three-dimensionalsignage(suchasanoversizedcigarettepack)wasobservedin7.5%ofretailers(n=53),and1.1%(n=8)useddigitaladvertisingsigns.Figure6.POSadvertisingofcigaretteswithmentholandotherflavordescriptorsacross5countries(n=703)
Promotionsforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorstypicallyincludedspecialorlimitededitionpacks(3.6%,n=25),orpricediscounts(2.3%,n=16)(Figure7).
Figure7.POSpromotionsforcigaretteswithmentholandotherflavordescriptorsacross5countries(n=703)
1.1% 7.5%
30.4% 34.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Digitalsignage 3-dimensionalsignage Printsignage Anysignage
0.1% 0.3% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 2.3% 3.6% 7.3%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0%
100.0%
Contestorcompetition
Freetobaccoproduct
Loyaltyschemeorsocialmedia
Promotionalgift
Brandstretching
Pricediscount Specialorlimited
editionpack
Anypromotion
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica19
Amongthe703retailerssellingcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,mintormentholwasthemostfrequentlyobserveddescriptor(74.1%,n=521),followedbynon-conventionalflavordescriptors(69.6%,n=489)(Figure8).Flavordescriptorsforfruitwererecordedoccasionally(10.8%,n=76).
Figure8.FlavordescriptorsobservedatthePOSin5countries(n=703)
Argentina(n=216)
Bolivia(n=72)
Brazil(n=164)
Chile(n=156)
Peru(n=95)
Total(n=703)
Mintormenthol
62.5% 63.9% 97.0% 92.3% 38.9% 74.1%
Non-
conventional
76.9% 68.1% 45.7% 80.1% 77.9% 69.6%
Fruit
2.8% 8.3% 15.9% 19.9% 7.4% 10.8%
SpicesorNuts
0.5% 50.0% 3.0% 0.0% 5.3% 6.7%
Alcohol
5.6% 0.0% 0.0% 6.4% 0.0% 3.1%
Sweets
0.0% 1.4% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica20
Non-conventionalflavordescriptorswerethemostfrequentlyobservedtypeofdescriptoracrossflavoredpackspurchasedinall5countries,with92.8%(n=297)ofpackscarryingsuchterminology(Figure9).Descriptorsformintormentholwereobservedon57.8%(n=185)ofallflavoredpacks.
Figure9.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacksacross5countries(n=320)
Languageorimageryindicatingaflavorchangewasobservedon91.9%(n=295)oftheflavoredpackspurchasedinall5countries,followedbytechnologicaldescriptors(76.8%,n=245),anddescriptorssuchascool,freshorice(33.4%,n=107)(Figure10).
Figure10.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacksacross5countries(n=320)
0 1 3 10
185
297
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Fruit Alcohol Sweets Spicesornuts Mintormenthol Non-conventional
224
107
245
294
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Alphanumeric Lexicalcolors Cool,fresh,ice Technological Flavorchange
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica21
ArgentinaInBuenosAires,datacollectorsvisited49ofthe86schoolsamplingareasweselected,andidentifiedtobaccoretailersnear98.0%(n=48)ofthoseschools.Datacollectorsvisited308retailerslocatedwithin250metersofaschool,79.2%(n=244)ofwhichsoldcigarettes,1.6%(n=5)ofwhichnolongersoldcigarettes,and19.1%(n=59)ofwhichwereclosedorchangedretailertype(allretailerswerekiosks).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereidentifiedin88.5%(n=216)ofretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereidentifiedin93.0%(n=227)ofretailers.Cigaretteswithflavorcapsuleswereobservedin83.6%ofretailers(n=204).Looseorsinglecigaretteswereforsalein21.7%(n=53)ofallretailersobserved.Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereondisplayin95.8%(n=207)ofkioskswherementholorotherflavoredcigarettesweresold,andtobaccoflavoredcigarettesweredisplayedin93.4%(n=212)ofkioskswheretobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereavailableforpurchase(Figure11).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweremostfrequentlyplacedinthecashierzone(76.5%,n=163),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(74.5%,n=161),orusinglights(55.5%,n=120).Theseproductswereoccasionallyplacednearotherproductsthatappealtoyouth(16.2%,n=35)orattheeye-levelofchildren(5.1%,n=11).Tobaccoflavoredcigarettesweredisplayedsimilarlytocigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,inthecashierzone(73.6%,n=167),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(71.8%,n=163),andusinglights(52.4%,n=119).Figure11.NumberofkioskswithtobaccoproductdisplaysatthePOS
0 6 1128 35
75
120
161 163
207
0 713
28 37
77
119
163 167
212
0
50
100
150
200
250
Usingmovement
Brandedstandorcabinet
Eye-levelofchildren
Powerwalloftobaccoproducts
Nearyouthproducts
Behindcashierzone
Usinglights Nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks
Cashierzone
Anydisplay
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=216) Tobaccoflavored(n=227)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica22
Figure12.CigarettedisplayatakioskinBuenosAires,Argentina
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica23
Only19.4%(n=42)ofkiosksusedadvertisingsignageforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,usuallyintheformofprintsignage(14.3%,n=31)or3-dimensionalsignage(4.2%,n=9)(Figure13).Halfofkiosks(n=115)advertisedtobaccoflavoredcigarettes,usingprintsignage(30.8%,n=70)and3-dimensionalsignage(21.6%,n=49).Only2digitalsignswereobservedforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors.
Figure13.NumberofkioskswithtobaccoadvertisingsignageatthePOS
2 931
42
0
4970
115
0
50
100
150
200
250
Digitalsignage 3-dimensionalsignage Printsignage Anysignage
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=216) Tobaccoflavored(n=227)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica24
Figure14.PrintsignageforcigarettesatakioskinBuenosAires,Argentina
Only4.2%(n=9)ofkiosksofferedspecialpromotionsforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors(Figure15).Twenty-ninepercent(n=66)ofkioskspromotedtobaccoflavoredcigarettes,typicallyusingspecialorlimitededitionpacks(17.6%,n=40)orpricediscounts(10.1%,n=23).
Figure15.NumberofkioskswithtobaccopromotionsatthePOS
1 1 0 0 0 1 6 90 0 2 5 0
4023
66
0
50
100
150
200
250
Promotionalgift
Loyaltyschemeorsocialmedia
Brandstretching
Freetobaccoproduct
Contestorcompetition
Specialorlimitededition
pack
Pricediscount Anypromotion
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=216) Tobaccoflavored(n=227)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica25
Figure16.Printsignageforanewlimitededition“UrbanExpressions”Camelcigarettes
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherdescriptorswerevisibleondisplayfromoutsidethekioskin31.0%(n=67)ofretailers(Figure17).
Figure17.Numberofcigaretteretailerswithproductdisplay,advertisingsignage,orpromotionsforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavorsvisiblefromoutdoors(n=216)
19
67 68
0
50
100
150
200
250
Promotions Advertising Productdisplay AnyTAPS
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica26
Datacollectorsidentified23uniquecigarettebrandsthatusedmentholorotherflavordescriptors,althoughtheydidnotrecordanexhaustivelistoftheavailablebrands.ThemostfrequentlyobservedbrandofcigarettesusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorswasMarlboroFusionBlast,followedbyPhilipMorrisCaps,LuckyStrikeClickandRoll,PhilipMorrisCapsDuo,ChesterfieldFreshCapsule,MarlboroIceBlast,andViceroySwitch(Figure18).MostbrandsobservedatthePOSareownedbymultinationaltobaccocompanies,suchasBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),andR.J.ReynoldsTobaccoCompany(RJR).
Figure18.BrandsusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS(n=216)
n %MarlboroFusionBlast 111 51.4%PhilipMorrisCaps 107 49.5%LuckyStrikeClickandRoll(Blue) 95 44.0%PhilipMorrisCapsDuo 88 40.7%ChesterfieldFreshCapsule 87 40.3%MarlboroIceBlast 80 37.0%ViceroySwitch 15 6.9%LuckyStrikeCapsuleFlow 9 4.2%CamelActivateBlue 7 3.2%CamelFreshness 7 3.2%CamelMenthol 5 2.3%ViceroyMenthol 3 1.4%LuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp 2 0.9%PallMallMojitoNights 2 0.9%ViceroyClickBlue 2 0.9%CamelIce 1 0.5%ChesterfieldFresh 1 0.5%L&MFresh 1 0.5%LuckyStrikeFresh 1 0.5%PallMallClickOn 1 0.5%PallMallDaiquiriNights 1 0.5%PallMallFlavorsDuo 1 0.5%RedPointMenthol 1 0.5%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica27
InArgentina,datacollectorspurchased108packsofcigarettes:66withmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and42tobaccoflavoredcigarettepacks.Thenumberofsticksperpackrangedfrom11to20,withmostpackscontaining10or20sticksperpack(Figure19),and71.3%(n=77)ofthepackswereduplicates(seeAppendixA).Theaveragepriceofthecheapestpackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswas$34.08pesos,andtheaveragepriceofthecheapesttobaccoflavoredpackswas$30.26pesos.All66ofthepackswithflavordescriptorsmentionedmentholonthepack,andtwoofthepacksmentionedadouble-mentholproductfeature.Sixty-threepacksusedflavorcapsules,27ofwhichhadtwocapsulesineachstick,and36ofwhichhadasingleflavorcapsule.Figure19.Numberofsticksperpackbycigarettetype
1
6
25
34
2
810
22
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11sticksperpack 12sticksperpack 10sticksperpack 20sticksperpack
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=66) Tobaccoflavored(n=42)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica28
Flavordescriptorsformintormentholwereobservedonallpacks(100.0%,n=66)thatcarriedanyflavordescriptor,followednon-conventionalflavordescriptors(95.5%,n=63).Onepack(1.5%)usedadescriptorforanalcoholicflavor(Figure20).
Figure20.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=66)
Languageorimageryindicatingaflavorchangewasobservedon95.5%(n=63)oftheflavoredpackspurchasedinArgentina,followedbytechnologicaldescriptors(45.5%,n=30),anddescriptorssuchascool,freshorice(33.3%,n=22)(Figure21).
Figure21.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=66)
0 0 0 1
6366
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Fruit Sweets Spicesornuts Alcohol Non-conventional Mintormenthol
2
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40
50
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70
Alphanumeric Lexicalcolors Cool,fresh,ice Technological Flavorchange
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica29
BoliviaAmongthe64schoolsamplingareasselected,datacollectorsvisited51oftheseareasandidentifiedcigaretteretailerswithin86.3%(n=44)oftheseareas.Datacollectorsvisited114retailersinLaPaz,81.6%(n=93)ofwhichstillsoldcigarettes.Retailertypesincludedtiendasdelbarrio(n=58),dulceras/anaqueles(n=33),almacenes(n=7),kiosks(n=6),micromercados(n=6),andsupermercados(n=4).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereidentifiedin77.4%(n=72)ofretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereidentifiedin92.5%(n=86)ofretailers.Cigaretteswithflavorcapsuleswereobservedin63.4%ofretailers(n=59).Looseorsinglecigaretteswereforsalein89.2%(n=83)ofallcigaretteretailersobserved.
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereobservedin71.4%(n=35)oftiendasdelbarrio,85.7%(n=18)ofdulceras/anaqueles,66.7%(n=4)ofkioskos,100%(n=6)ofmicromercados,71.4%(n=5)ofalmacenes,and100%ofsupermercados(n=4)(Figure22).tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereavailablein87.8%(n=43)oftiendasdelbarrio,100%(n=21)ofdulceras/anaqueles,100%(n=6)ofkioskos,100%ofmicromercados(n=6),85.7%(n=6)almacenes,and100%ofsupermercados(n=4).Figure22.NumberoftobaccoretailersobservedbytypeofcigarettessoldandPOStype
4 5 64
18
35
46 6 6
21
43
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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45
50
Supermercado(n=4)
Almacen(n=7) Micromercado(n=6)
Kiosco(n=6) Dulcera/anaquel(n=21)
Tiendadelbarrio(n=49)
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=72) Tobaccoflavored(n=86)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica30
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereondisplayin95.8%(n=69)ofretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigarettesweredisplayedin98.8%(n=85)ofretailers(Figure23).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweremostfrequentlyplacedinthecashierzone(83.3%,n=60),behindthecashierzone(47.2%,n=34),ornearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(50.0%,n=36).Theseproductswerealsoplacedattheeye-levelofchildrenin34.7%ofretailers(n=25).Tobaccoflavoredcigarettesweredisplayedsimilarlytocigaretteswithflavordescriptors,inthecashierzone(84.9%,n=73),behindthecashierzone(51.2%,n=44),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(45.3%,n=39),andattheeye-levelofchildren(34.9%,n=30).Figure23.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplaysatthePOS
Advertisingsignagewasonlyobservedin12.5%(n=9)ofretailerssellingcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and9.3%(n=8)ofretailerssellingtobaccoflavoredcigarettes,whichwasalmostalwaysintheformofprintsignage.One(1.9%)retailerused3-dimensionalsignage,andnodigitalsignagewasobserved.
Two(2.8%)retailersofferedanykindofpromotionforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and3.5%(n=3)ofretailersofferedpromotionsfortobaccoflavoredcigarettes.Promotionalstrategiesincludedpricediscounts,specialorlimitededitionpacks,andbrandstretching.Nopromotionalgifts,loyaltyschemes,mentionofsocialmedia,freetobaccoproducts,orcontestsandcompetitionswereobserved.
Thedisplayofcigarettesusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorswasvisiblefromoutside8.3%(n=6)ofretailers,andadvertisingsignagewasvisiblein4.2%(n=3)ofretailers.NopromotionaltacticsforcigaretteswithmentholorothercigaretteswerevisiblefromoutsidethePOS.
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica31
Figure24.PrintsignageforcigaretteswithflavorcapsulesatthePOSinLaPaz,Bolivia
Figure25.AspecialpromotionforCamel’s“iWin”toregisteracodeonlinetowin1of60prizes
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica32
Datacollectorsidentified20uniquecigarettebrandsatthePOSthatusedmentholorotherflavordescriptors,althoughtheydidnotrecordanexhaustivelistoftheavailablebrands.DerbyCoolwasthemostfrequentlyobservedbrandusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS,followedbyDerbyClickCitrusMint,LuckyStrikeClick,CamelPurpleMint,andMarlboroBlueFresh(Figure26).MostbrandsobservedatthePOSareownedbymultinationaltobaccocompanies,suchasBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),andR.J.ReynoldsTobaccoCompany(RJR).
Figure26.BrandsusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS(n=72)
n %DerbyCool 47 65.3%DerbyClickCitrusMint 33 45.8%LuckyStrikeClick 33 45.8%CamelPurpleMint 28 38.9%MarlboroBlueFresh 27 37.5%LuckyStrikeCrisp 17 23.6%MarlboroFusionBlast 16 22.2%L&MKretekMint 13 18.1%CamelActivate 12 16.7%L&MMenthol 8 11.1%L&MForward 5 6.9%Djarum(black,cherry) 3 4.2%CamelActivateDoubleMintPurple 2 2.8%CamelMenthol 1 1.4%DjarumMenthol 1 1.4%MarlboroBlueIce 1 1.4%MarlboroIceExpress 1 1.4%MarlboroKretekMint 1 1.4%JaisalmerMenthol 1 1.4%L&MKretek 1 1.4%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica33
InBolivia,datacollectorspurchased72packsofcigarettes:35withmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and37tobaccoflavoredpacks.Thenumberofsticksperpackrangedfrom10to20,withmostpackscontaining10or20sticksperpack(Figure27),and59.7%(n=43)ofthepackswereduplicates(seeAppendixB).Theaveragepriceofthecheapestpackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswas$9.93bolivianos,andtheaveragepriceofthecheapesttobaccoflavoredpackswas$6.59bolivianos.Twenty-threeofthe35packswithflavordescriptorsmentionedmentholonthepack.Seventeenpacksusedflavorcapsules,5ofwhichhadtwocapsulesineachstick,and12ofwhichhadasingleflavorcapsule.Figure27.Numberofsticksperpackbycigarettetype
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica34
Flavordescriptorsformintormentholwereobservedon68.6%(n=24)ofpacksthatcarriedanyflavordescriptor,followednon-conventionalflavordescriptors(57.1%,n=20),anddescriptorsforspicesornuts(20.0%,n=7)(Figure28).
Figure28.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=35)
Languageorimageryindicatingaflavorchange(48.6%,n=17),ortechnologicalfeatures(48.6%,n=17)werethemostfrequentlyobserveddescriptorsamongallflavoredpackspurchasedinBolivia,followedbydescriptorssuchascool,fresh,andice(42.9%,n=15)(Figure29).
Figure29.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=35)
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica35
BrazilDatacollectorsobserved86ofthe92schoolsamplingareasthatwereselected,andidentifiedtobaccooutletsnear86.0%(n=74)ofthoseschools.Ofthe282retailersidentifiedwithin175-metersofaschool,72.2%(n=205)soldcigarettes.Theretailertypesincludednewsstands(n=116),smallbarsordrinkshops(n=43),bakeries,luncheonettes,orjuiceshops(n=41)andbeachkiosks(n=5).InRiodeJaneiro,cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereidentifiedin80.0%(n=164)ofretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereidentifiedin98.5%(n=202)ofretailers.Cigaretteswithflavorcapsuleswereobservedin49.3%ofretailers(n=101).Looseorsinglecigaretteswereforsaleinoverhalfofallretailersobserved(52.0%,n=106).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereobservedin85.3%(n=99)ofnewsstands,62.8%(n=27)ofsmallbarsordrinkshops,82.9%(n=34)ofbakeries,luncheonettesorjuiceshops,and80.0%(n=4)ofbeachkiosks(Figure30).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereavailablein98.3%(n=114)ofnewsstands,100.0%(n=43)ofsmallbarsordrinkshops,97.6%(n=40)bakeries,luncheonettes,orjuiceshops,and100%(n=5)ofbeachkiosks.Figure30.NumberoftobaccoretailersobservedbytypeofcigarettessoldandPOStype
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica36
Amongthe164retailersthatsoldcigarettescontainingmentholorotherflavors,99.4%(n=163)ofstoresdisplayedthoseproductsatthePOS.Packsweremostfrequentlyplacedinthecashierzone(78.7%,n=129),behindthecashierzone(64.6%,n=106),andnearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(62.8%,n=103)(Figure31).Someretailersdisplayedcigaretteswithmentholorflavordescriptorsattheeyelevelofchildren(7.9%,n=13)ornearyouthproducts(liketoysorcoloringbooks)(9.1%,n=15).
Thedisplayoftobaccoflavoredpackswassimilartothedisplayofcigaretteswithmentholorflavordescriptors.Amongthe202retailerssellingtobaccoflavoredcigarettes,82.2%(n=166)ofretailersdisplayedtobaccoflavoredpacksinthecashierzone,60.4%(n=122)displayedpacksbehindthecashierzone,and56.4%(n=114)displayedpacksnearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks.
Figure31.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplaysatthePOS
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica37
Figure32.FlavoredcigarettesondisplaybehindthecashierzoneinRiodeJaneiro,Brazil
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica38
Advertisingforcigaretteswithmentholorflavordescriptorswasobservedin52.4%(n=86)ofretailerssellingthoseproducts,mostfrequentlythroughtheuseofprintsignage(51.2%,n=84)(Figure33).TobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereadvertisedatthePOSin55.4%(n=112)ofretailerswith52.9%(n=107)displayingprintsignageand5.4%(n=11)displaying3-dimensionalsignage.Only1digitalsignwasobservedforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors.Figure33.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoadvertisingsignageatthePOS
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica39
Figure34.SinglecigarettesforsalenexttogumandcandyinRiodeJaneiro,Brazil
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica40
Six(3.6%)retailerssellingcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsandsix(3.0%)retailerssellingtobaccoflavoredcigarettesofferedanytypeofpromotion.Specialorlimitededitionpacks,pricediscounts,andcontestsorcompetitionswereobservedforbothproducttypes.Oneofferforfreecigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswasobserved.Nopromotionalgifts,loyaltyschemes,mentionofsocialmedia,orbrandstretchingwasobserved.
Productdisplay,advertisingsignageorpromotionsforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsthatwerevisiblefromoutdoorswereobservedin45.7%ofretailers(Figure35).Displayswerevisiblefromoutsideof39.0%(n=64)ofstores,followedbyadvertisingsignagewhichwasvisiblefromoutsideof25%ofstores(n=41).Figure35.Numberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplay,advertisingsignage,orpromotionsforcigaretteswithmenthol,flavors,orcapsulesvisiblefromoutdoors(n=164)
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica41
InBrazil,datacollectorsidentified9uniquecigarettebrandsatthePOSthatusedmentholorotherflavordescriptors,althoughtheydidnotrecordanexhaustivelistoftheavailablebrands.LuckyStrikeDoubleClickwasthemostfrequentlyobservedbrand,followedbyFree(boost),MarlboroDoubleBurst,L&MBlackIce,andWinstonExpandExoticMint(Figure36).MostbrandsobservedatthePOSareownedbymultinationaltobaccocompanies,suchasBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),andJapanTobaccoInternational(JTI).
Figure36.BrandsusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS(n=164)
n %LuckyStrikeDoubleClick 79 48.2%Free(boost) 55 33.5%MarlboroDoubleBurst 52 31.7%L&MBlackIce 27 16.5%WinstonExpandExoticMint 26 15.9%LuckyStrikeFresh 2 1.2%DunhillDouble 2 1.2%LuckyStrikeSwitch 1 0.6%DerbyClick+ 1 0.6%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica42
InBrazil,datacollectorspurchased128packsofcigarettes:65withmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and63tobaccoflavoredpacks.Allpackscontained20sticksofcigarettesand71.1%(n=91)ofthepackswereduplicates(seeAppendixC).Theaveragepriceofthecheapestpackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswas7.74reais,andtheaveragepriceofthecheapesttobaccoflavoredpackswas6.07reais.Mentholwasmentionedon58ofthe65packswithflavordescriptors(typicallyinthelistofingredients),and13ofthepacksmentionedadouble-mentholproductfeature.Sixtypacksusedflavorcapsules,19ofwhichhadtwocapsulesineachstick,and41ofwhichhadasingleflavorcapsule.
Non-conventionaldescriptorswereobservedon92.3%(n=60)ofpacksthatcarriedanyflavordescriptor,followedbydescriptorsformintormenthol(36.9%,n=24),spicesornuts(4.6%,n=3),andsweets(4.6%,n=3)(Figure37).
Figure37.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=65)
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica43
Languageorimageryindicatingaflavorchange(92.3%,n=60)werethemostfrequentlyobserveddescriptorsamongallflavoredpackspurchasedinBrazil,followedbydescriptorsfortechnologicalfeatures(80.0%,n=52),anddescriptorssuchascool,fresh,andice(49.2%,n=32)(Figure38).
Figure38.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=65)
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ChileDatacollectorsvisited81ofthe107schoolsamplingareasweselected,andidentifiedcigaretteretailerswithin96.3%(n=78)ofthoseareas.Threehundredandseventy-tworetailerswereidentifiedwithin250metersofaschool,49.2%(n=183)ofwhichsoldcigarettes.Theretailertypesincludedalmacenesdelbarrio(n=68),botillerias(n=37),mini-markets(n=39),kioskos(n=23),andsupermercados(n=16).Norestaurantsorbarswereobserved.InSantiago,cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereidentifiedin85.2%(n=156)ofcigaretteretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereidentifiedin95.1%(n=174)ofretailers.Cigaretteswithflavorcapsuleswereobservedin74.3%ofretailers(n=136).Looseorsinglecigaretteswereforsalein21.8%(n=40)ofallretailersobserved.Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereavailablein75.0%(n=51)ofalmacenesdelbarrio,94.6%(n=35)ofbotillerias,87.2%(n=34)ofmini-markets,86.9%(n=20)ofkioskos,and100%(n=16)ofsupermercados(Figure39).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereavailablein94.1%(n=64)ofalmacenesdelbarrio,97.3%(n=36)ofbotillerias,92.3%(n=36)ofmini-markets,95.6%(n=22)ofkioskos,and100%(n=16)ofsupermercados.Figure39.NumberoftobaccoretailersobservedbytypeofcigarettessoldandPOStype
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica45
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereondisplayin82.7%(n=129)ofretailersthatsoldflavoredcigarettes,andtobaccoflavoredcigarettesweredisplayedin74.7%(n=130)ofretailersthatsoldtobaccoflavoredcigarettes(Figure40).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweremostfrequentlyplacedinthecashierzone(57.7%,n=90),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(50.6%,n=79),behindthecashierzone(42.9%,n=67)oronabrandedstandorcabinet(32.1%,n=50).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswerealsoplacedinthecashierzone(52.3%,n=91),nearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(42.0%,n=73),andbehindthecashierzone(39.7%,n=69).Figure40.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplaysatthePOS
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica46
Figure41.DisplayofcigarettesinthecashierzoneatthePOSinSantiago,Chile
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica47
Advertisingforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswasobservedin38.5%(n=60)ofretailers,whileonly6.9%(n=12)ofretailersadvertisedtobaccoflavoredcigarettes(Figure42).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereadvertisedusingprintsignage(37.2%,n=58),3-dimensionalsignage(16.0%,n=25)anddigitalsignage(2.6%,n=4).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswerealsoadvertisedusingprintsignage(5.7%,n=10)and3-dimensionalsignage(4.0%,n=7).Figure42.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoadvertisingsignageatthePOS
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica48
Specialpromotionsforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereobservedin14.1%(n=22)ofretailers,typicallyintheformofspecialorlimitededitionpacks(10.3%,n=16)(Figure43).Onlyoneretailerofferedanyspecialpromotion(aspecialorlimitededitionpack)fortobaccoflavoredcigarettes.Figure43.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccopromotionsatthePOS
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Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswerevisibleondisplayfromoutsideof6.4%(n=10)ofretailers(Figure44).Advertisementsfortheseproductswerevisiblefromoutsideof7.1%(n=11)ofretailers.Figure44.Numberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplay,advertisingsignage,orpromotionsforcigaretteswithmenthol,flavors,orcapsulesvisiblefromoutdoors(n=156)
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica50
InChile,datacollectorsidentified18uniquecigarettebrandsatthePOSthatusedmentholorotherflavordescriptors,althoughtheydidnotrecordanexhaustivelistoftheavailablebrands(Figure45).PallMallwasthemostfrequentlyobservedbrandusingmentholorotherflavordescriptors,followedbyseveralvariantsofLuckyStrikecigarettes,PallMallBoost,KentiBoostandKentiSwitch.AllbrandsobservedatthePOSareownedbymultinationaltobaccocompanies,suchasBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),R.J.ReynoldsTobaccoCompany(RJR).
Figure45.BrandsusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS(n=156)
n %PallMallClickOn 139 89.1%LuckyStrikeFresh 121 77.6%LuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp 113 72.4%LuckyStrikeDoubleClickWild 113 72.4%PallMallBoost 108 69.2%KentiBoost 77 49.4%KentiSwitch 75 48.1%PhilipMorrisCaps 53 34.0%MarlboroIceblast 42 26.9%MarlboroDoubleFusion 17 10.9%LuckyStrikeIndigo 12 7.7%CamelFreshness 1 0.6%DunhillClick 1 0.6%LuckyStrikeClickandRoll 1 0.6%MarlboroFusionBlast 1 0.6%PallMallDaiquiriNights 1 0.6%LatinoFreeze 1 0.6%LatinoFresh 1 0.6%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica51
InChile,datacollectorspurchased195packsofcigarettes:121withmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and74tobaccoflavoredpacks.Allpackscontained20cigarettesand86.5%(n=166)ofthepackswereduplicates(seeAppendixD).Theaveragepriceofthecheapestpackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswas2,970pesos,andtheaveragepriceofthecheapesttobaccoflavoredpackswas2,520pesos.Fifty-fiveofthepackswithflavordescriptorsmentionedmentholonthepack.All121packswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorscontainedcigaretteswithcapsules;32ofthosepackscontainedcigaretteswithtwocapsulesperstick,and89hadasingleflavorcapsule.Non-conventionaldescriptorswereobservedonallpacks(100.0%,n=121)thatcarriedanyflavordescriptor,followedbydescriptorsformintormenthol(45.5%,n=121)(Figure46).
Figure46.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=121)
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Fruit Alcohol Sweets Spicesornuts Mintormenthol Non-conventional
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Languageorimageryindicatingaflavorchange(100.0%,n=121)wasobservedonallflavoredpackspurchasedinChile,followedbytechnologicaldescriptors(93.4%,n=113),anddescriptorssuchascool,fresh,andice(18.2%,n=22)(Figure47).
Figure47.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=121)
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PeruAmongthe50schoolsamplingareasselectedinLima,datacollectorsvisited43areasandidentifiedcigaretteretailerswithin95.3%(n=41)ofthoseareas.Datacollectorsvisited112retailers,89.3%(n=100)ofwhichsoldcigarettes.Retailertypesincludedbodegas(n=109)andsupermercados(n=3).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereidentifiedin95.0%(n=95)ofretailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereidentifiedin93.0%(n=93)ofretailers.Cigaretteswithflavorcapsuleswereobservedin89.0%ofretailers(n=89).Looseorsinglecigaretteswereforsalein60.0%(n=60)ofallretailersobserved.Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereobservedin85.3%ofbodegas(n=93)and66.7%(n=2)ofsupermercados(Figure48).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereavailablein83.5%ofbodegas(n=91)and66.7%(n=2)ofsupermercados.Figure48.NumberoftobaccoretailersobservedbytypeofcigarettessoldandPOStype
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Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereondisplayin85.3%(n=81)ofretailersthatsoldflavoredcigarettes,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereondisplayin87.1%(n=81)ofretailersthatsoldtobaccoflavoredcigarettes(Figure49).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweremostfrequentlydisplayedinthecashierzone(72.6%,n=69),onabrandedstandorcabinet(50.5%,n=48),behindthecashierzone(43.1%,n=41),andnearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(39.0%,n=37).tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswerealsodisplayedinthecashierzone(74.1%,n=69),onabrandedstandorcabinet(51.6%,n=48),behindthecashierzone,(44.0%,n=41),andnearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinks(39.8%,n=37).Figure49.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplaysatthePOS
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FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica55
Figure50.FlavoredcigarettesplacednearsweetsandsnacksatthePOSinLima,Peru
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswereadvertisedin46.3%(n=44)retailers,andtobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereadvertisedinonly12.9%(n=12)ofretailers(Figure51).Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweretypicallyadvertisedusingprintsignage(33.7%,n=32)ordigitalsignage(15.8%,n=15).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswerealsoadvertisedusingdigitalsignage(7.5%,n=7)andprintsignage(6.5%,n=6).
Figure51.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoadvertisingsignageatthePOS
1
32
15
44
06 7
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3-dimensionalsignage Printsignage Digitalsignage Anysignage
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=95) Tobaccoflavored(n=93)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica56
Figure52.PrintadvertisementsforflavoredcigarettesatthePOSinLima,Peru
Only12.6%(n=12)ofretailersofferedanypromotionforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors,mostfrequentlywithspecialorlimitededitionpacks(6.3%,n=6)(Figure53).Tobaccoflavoredcigaretteswereonlypromotedin3.2%(n=3)ofretailers.Figure53.NumberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccopromotionsatthePOS
0 1 2 3 3 3 612
0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3
0102030405060708090
100
Contestorcompetition
Freetobaccoproduct
Pricediscount Promotionalgift
Loyaltyschemeorsocialmedia
Brandstretching
Specialorlimitededition
pack
Anypromotion
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=95) Tobaccoflavored(n=93)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica57
Marketingforcigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswasvisiblefromoutsidethestoreat29.5%(n=28)ofretailers,mostfrequentlyintheformofproductdisplay(27.4%,n=26)andadvertisingsignage(15.8%,n=15)(Figure54).Figure54.Numberoftobaccoretailerswithtobaccoproductdisplay,advertisingsignage,orpromotionsforcigaretteswithmenthol,flavors,orcapsulesvisiblefromoutdoors(n=95)
3
15
26 28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Promotions Advertising Productdisplay AnyTAPS
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica58
Datacollectorsidentified15uniquecigarettebrandvariantsatthePOSthatusedmentholorotherflavordescriptors,althoughtheydidnotrecordanexhaustivelistoftheavailablebrands.HamiltonFreshwasthemostfrequentlyobservedbrandusingmentholorotherflavordescriptors,followedbyLuckyStrikeDoubleClickWildCrispandLuckyStrikeIndigo,andotherbrandsusingnon-conventionalflavordescriptorssuchas“Switch”,“BlueIce”,“RubyIce”,and“DoubleFusion”(Figure55).AllbrandsobservedatthePOSareownedbymultinationaltobaccocompanies,suchasBritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),R.J.ReynoldsTobaccoCompany(RJR).
Figure55.BrandsusingmentholorotherflavordescriptorsatthePOS(n=95)
n %HamiltonFresh 92 96.8%LuckyStrikeDoubleClickWildCrisp 88 92.6%LuckyStrikeIndigo 83 87.4%LuckyStrikeSwitch 82 86.3%MarlboroBlueIce 40 42.1%MarlboroRubyIce 36 37.9%MarlboroDoubleFusion 17 17.9%MarlboroDoubleBurst 4 4.2%CamelFreshness 1 1.1%DunhillClick 1 1.1%LuckyStrikeClickandRoll 1 1.1%MarlboroFusionBlast 1 1.1%PallMallDaiquiriNights 1 1.1%L&MForward 1 1.1%MarlboroKretekMint 1 1.1%
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica59
InPeru,datacollectorspurchased71packsofcigarettes:33withmentholorotherflavordescriptors,and38tobaccoflavoredpacks.Thenumberofsticksperpackrangedfrom10to20,withmostpackscontaining10sticksperpack.Onlyonetobaccoflavoredpackcontained20sticks(Figure56),and74.6%(n=53)ofthepackswereduplicates(seeAppendixE).Theaveragepriceofthecheapestpackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswas$6.56soles,andtheaveragepriceofthecheapesttobaccoflavoredpackswas$4.31soles.Twoofthepackswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsmentionedmentholonthepack,andoneofthepacksmentionedadouble-mentholproductfeature.All33oftheflavoredpackscontainedcigaretteswithflavorcapsules,14ofwhichhadtwocapsulesineachstick,and19ofwhichhadasingleflavorcapsule.Figure56.Numberofsticksperpackbycigarettetype
0
33
1
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20sticks 10sticks
Mentholorotherflavordescriptors(n=33) Tobaccoflavored(n=38)
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica60
Non-conventionalflavordescriptorswereobservedon100.0%(n=33)ofpacksthatcarriedanyflavordescriptor,followeddescriptorsformintormenthol(48.5%,n=16)(Figure57).
Figure57.Flavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(N=33)
Languageorimageryindicatingtechnologicalfeatures(100.0%,n=33),oraflavorchange(100.0%,n=33)werethemostfrequentlyobserveddescriptorsamongallflavoredpackspurchasedinPeru,followedbydescriptorssuchascool,fresh,andice(48.5%,n=16)(Figure58).
Figure58.Non-conventionalflavordescriptorsonpurchasedcigarettepacks(n=33)
0 0 0 0
16
33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Alcohol Fruit Spicesornuts Sweets Mintormenthol Non-conventional
0
5
16
33 33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Alphanumeric Lexicalcolors Cool,fresh,ice Flavorchange Technological
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica61
DiscussionCigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsweresoldin77.4%-95.0%ofcigaretteretailersobservedineachofthefivecountries,whereproductdisplaywasthemostprevalentmarketingtactic.AlthoughArgentina,Bolivia,andPeruprohibittheuseofmisleadingadvertisingthatisaimedatminorsorsuggeststhatanytobaccoproductsislessharmfulthananother,cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorsthathavebeenshowntoappealtoyouthandcreateafalseperceptionofreducedriskfromtobaccouseweresoldinthesecountries.Theproductswereconsistentlyplacedinandbehindthecashierzone,aprominentlocationwithintheretailenvironment.Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptorswerealsodisplayednearsweets,snacks,orsugarydrinksinallfivecountries,therebynormalizingtheseharmfulandaddictiveproductsinthecontextofproductsthatattracttheattentionofchildren;thiscontradictsthecompanypoliciesthatarepubliclypromotedbysuchentitiesasPhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),BritishAmericanTobacco(BAT),andJapanTobaccoInternational(JTI).InBrazilandChile,wheremostformsofPOSmarketingareprohibited,weobservedtheuseofpriceliststhatfunctionedasadvertisingsignage.Theuniformityandprofessionalproductionqualitysuggestthatthetobaccocompanieslikelyprovidedthepricesignagetotheretailers.Thehighprevalenceofcigarettepacksandmarketingmediathatuseflavordescriptorsformentholormintfurtherdemonstratethesignificanceofthisparticularflavoranttoattractingcustomers.Thehighfrequencyofnon-conventionalflavordescriptorsoncigarettepacksandmarketingmediasuggeststhatthetobaccoindustrymaybeattemptingtocircumventoranticipateexistingorfuturelawsthatprohibittheuseorpromotionofflavorantsintobacco.
LimitationsThisstudyusedapurposivesampleofschoolsandaconveniencesampleofretailersinonecityineachofthefivecountries.Theresultsmaynotberepresentativeofalltypesoftobaccoretailersorgeneralizabletoallareasofeachcountryorregion.
ConclusionsThisstudydemonstratesthatharmfultobaccoproductsusingmisleadingpackagingandpredatorymarketingstrategiesareprevalentandaccessibleinretailerssurroundingschools(inBuenosAires,Argentina,LaPaz,Bolivia,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,Santiago,Chile,andLima,Peru).Thestudyalsodemonstratesthatmisleadingandpredatorymarketingstrategiesareemployedbymultipletobaccocompanies,includingBritishAmericanTobacco,PhillipMorrisInternational,JapanTobaccoInternationalandtheiraffiliates,amongothers.TheFCTCanditsimplementingguidelinesarebasedonrigorousscientificevidence.Partialregulationsthatallowexceptionsforcertainmarketingpractices(suchasproductdisplay)allowthetobaccoindustrytocircumventthelawbyredirectingtheirresourcestowardunregulatedtactics(suchasproductdisplayorelaboratepriceliststhatfunctionasadvertisements).EnactingmeasuresthatalignwiththeFCTCanditsimplementingguidelineswillfacilitatecompliance,deternoncompliance,andenablegovernmentstotakeappropriatelegalactionsagainstviolations.Inordertoprotectandsavelives,countriesshouldadoptandeffectivelyimplementpoliciesthatprohibittheuseoftobaccoproductflavorings,prohibittheuseofmisleadingpackagingandlabeling,andprohibitallformsofdirectandindirectadvertising,promotion,andsponsorship,includingthedisplayoftobaccoproductsat
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica62
retailpointsofsale.
KeyTermsandDefinitionsTerm Definition
Advertising(signage) Brandedprintordigital/electronicmediasuchasposters,backgrounds,banners,flyers,shelfliners,andtelevisionorcomputerscreens-thatareintendedtopromoteawarenessandfavorableopinionsofatobaccobrandorproduct.
Branded Elementssuchasbrandname,logo,slogan,colorschemes,orpatternsthatallowcustomerstorecognizeaparticularbrand.Forthepurposesofthismonitoring,“branded”referstotobaccobrandsonly.
Cashierzone Theareaimmediatelysurroundingthecashregister(ontopof,above,totheleft/rightof,orinfrontofthecounterwherethecashregisterislocated).
Cigaretteswithmentholorotherflavordescriptors
Cigarettesthatinclude,somewhereonthecigarettepackortheassociatedmarketingmedia,languageorimagerythatimpliesthepresenceofadditives,includingmenthol,thatwouldchangetheflavorofthetobaccowhichisnoticeablebythesmoker,orthattheflavorofthetobaccoisdifferentinsomewayfromtobaccoflavoredcigarettes.
Conventionalflavordescriptors
Termsorimagerydescribingarecognizableflavor,suchas:fruit,alcohol,coffee,sweets,spices,andmintormenthol.
Flavorcapsule Asmallbeadinthecigarettefilterthatconsumersbreaktoreleaseaflavoringagentthatflavorsthetobaccosmoke.
Flavordescriptors Words,numbers,orimagerythatareincorporatedintothebrandnameofthetobaccoproductorothertextdescribingthetobaccoproductthatcanbeusedtodenoteflavorandtaste.
Flavoredcigarettes Cigarettesthatinclude,somewhereonthecigarettepackortheassociatedmarketingmedia,languageorimagerythatimpliesthepresenceofsubstances,includingmenthol,thatwouldchangetheflavorofthetobacco,orthattheflavorofthetobaccoisdifferentinsomewayfromtobaccoflavoredcigarettes.
Flavoringagents Anaturalorsyntheticsubstanceormixtureofsubstancesthatimparts,modifies,enhances,orintensifiestheflavoroftobaccoproducts,whichcanbeaddedtocigarettestocreateflavoredcigarettes.
Loyaltyscheme Rewardsprogramsorpointssystemsthatcustomerssubscribetoforspecialbenefits.
Mentholcigarette Cigarettesthatincludementhol,eitherinthetobaccoorinaflavorcapsule.
Non-conventionalflavordescriptors
Termsorimagerythatdonotcorrespondtoatypicallyrecognizableflavor,andcaninclude:lexicalcolordescriptors(purplecrush,rubyburst),descriptorsindicatingafresh,chill,orcooltaste,technologywordsorsymbols(pressplay),flavorchangedescriptors(clicktoactivate),andalphanumericdescriptors(MX12).
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica63
Powerwall Adisplayoftobaccoproductsbehindthecashierzone,withmultipleshelvesandmultiplepacks.
Productdisplay Specialpresentationsofastore'scigaretteproductsintheactualsizewhichtheyareforsalesuchasanexhibitioncaseorpowerwall.
Promotions Specialorlimitedtimeoffersthatareintendedtoresultinthepurchaseofatobaccoproduct.
TAPS Tobaccoadvertising,promotion,andsponsorship-typesofmarketingstrategies.
Tobaccoflavoredcigarettes
Cigarettesthatdonotinclude,somewhereonthecigarettepackortheassociatedmarketingmedia(suchasprintsignage),languageorimageryindicatingacharacterizingflavor,suchasmentholorchocolate,thatwouldchangetheflavorofthetobaccoinamannerthatisnoticeablebythesmoker.
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica64
AppendixA:CigarettePacksPurchasedinArgentina
Manufacturer BrandName BrandVariantNumberofPacks
Purchased
AveragePrice
RangeofPrices(ARS–Pesos)
BritishAmericanTobacco(BAT)
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeClick(Blue)_12 2 25.00 25.00-25.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeClick(Blue)_20 1 50.00 50.00-50.00
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp_12
3 25.00 25.00-25.00
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp_20
4 50.00 45.00-55.00
PallMallPallMallMojitoNightsDoubleClick_20
1 47.00 47.00-47.00
Richmond Richmond_20 3 20.00 15.00-25.00Rothmans Rothmans_11 2 20.00 20.00-20.00
Viceroy ViceroyRed11s_12 8 19.50 18.00-20.00
Viceroy ViceroyRed_20 4 35.25 34.00-37.00
Viceroy ViceroySwitch11s_11 1 19.00 19.00-19.00
Viceroy ViceroySwitch11s_12 1 20.00 20.00-20.00
Viceroy ViceroySwitch20s_20 5 35.80 35.00-38.00
DoradosCigarritos Dorados Dorados_20 2 15.00 15.00-15.00
EspertSociedadAnonima Melbour Melbour
Classic_20 3 25.00 25.00-25.00
PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)
Chesterfield ChesterfieldFreshCap_10 4 18.75 18.00-20.00
Chesterfield ChesterfieldFreshCap_20 4 40.25 38.00-45.00
Chesterfield ChesterfieldRed_10 5 18.60 18.00-20.00
Chesterfield ChesterfieldRed_20 1 32.00 32.00-32.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica65
L&M L&MForward2&1_20 1 46.00 46.00-46.00
Marlboro MarlboroFusionBlast_10 6 27.70 25.00-29.00
Marlboro MarlboroFusionBlast_20 4 45.50 40.00-52.00
Marlboro MarlboroIceBlast_10 1 25.00 25.00-25.00
Marlboro MarlboroIceBlast_20 1 47.00 47.00-47.00
Marlboro MarlboroRed_20 1 45.00 45.00-45.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorrisCaps20 4 48.50 45.00-50.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorrisCapsDuo_10 3 22.70 22.00-24.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorrisCapsDuo_20 6 48.50 47.00-50.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorrisCaps_10 11 24.50 22.00-30.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorris_10 5 23.80 22.00-25.00TabacaleraSarandi
RedPoint
RedPointMentholTheAmericanBlend_20
3 28.00 24.00-30.00
RedPointRedPointTheAmericanBlend_20
8 28.50 25.00-30.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica66
AppendixB:CigarettePacksPurchasedinBolivia
Manufacturer BrandName BrandVariantNumberofPacks
Purchased
AveragePrice
RangeofPrices(BOB
-Bolivianos)
BritishAmericanTobacco(BAT)
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeConvertible 2 7.50 7.50-7.50
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeDoubleClick 2 8.00 8.00-8.00
CompaniaIndustrialDeTabacosS.A.
Astoria Astoria_20 1 5.00 5.00-5.00BigBen BigBen_20 1 10.00 10.00-10.00Derby Derby(Gold)_10 7 5.50 5.00-6.00Derby Derby(Gold)_20 3 9.67 8.00-11.00
Derby Derby(Orange)_20 1 8.00 8.00-8.00
Derby Derby(Red)_10 5 5.30 5.00-6.00Derby Derby(Red)_20 1 11.00 11.00-11.00Derby DerbyCool_10 1 5.00 5.00-5.00Derby DerbyCool_20 2 10.50 10.00-11.00
DjarumDjarum Djarum
Menthol_10 1 7.50 7.50-7.50
GodfreyPhillipsJaisalmer Jaisalmer
Menthol_20 1 6.00 6.00-6.00
JapanTobaccoInternational(JTI)
Camel Camel(Yellow)_10 1 7.50 7.50-7.50
CamelCamelActivateDoublePurple_10
2 7.75 7.50-8.00
CamelCamelActivateDoublePurple_20
1 8.00 8.00-8.00
Camel CamelActivateFreshness_10 5 8.60 8.00-9.00
Camel CamelActivateFreshness_20 1 15.00 15.00-15.00
Camel CamelBlue_10 1 7.00 7.00-7.00PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)
L&M L&MBlueLabel_10 6 5.83 5.00-6.00
L&M L&MBlueLabel_20 1 10.00 10.00-10.00
L&M L&MFORWARD2IN1_10 1 9.00 9.00-9.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica67
L&M L&MFORWARD2IN1_20 3 14.00 13.00-15.00
L&M L&MKretekMint_20 5 14.60 12.00-18.00
L&M L&MMentholLabel_10 4 5.63 5.00-6.00
L&M L&MMentholLabel_20 3 11.00 10.00-13.00
L&M L&MRedLabel_10 8 5.69 5.00-6.50
L&M L&MRedLabel_20 1 11.00 11.00-11.00
Marlboro MarlboroKretekMint 1 16.00 16.00-16.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica68
AppendixC:CigarettePacksPurchasedinBrazil
Manufacturer BrandName BrandVariantNumberofPacks
Purchased
AveragePrice
Rangeofprices(BRL–Reais)
BritishAmericanTobacco/SouzaCruz(BAT)
Derby (blue) 2 7.37 7.25-7.50Derby (red) 1 7.25 7.25-7.25Derby (silver) 1 7.25 7.25-7.25Derby Click+ 1 7.25 7.25-7.25
Derby PremiumMenthol 1 7.50 7.50.7.50
Dunhill CarltonBlend 5 8.50 8.50-8.50
Dunhill Double(pinkandblue) 4 8.31 8.00-8.50
Dunhill Switch(blue) 1 8.50 8.50-8.80Free Boost 7 7.98 7.00-9.00Free Taste+Filter 1 7.50 7.50-7.50Hilton AuthenticSlims 1 missing missingHollywood Blue 1 7.50 7.50-7.50Hollywood Mint 4 7.37 7.00-7.50Hollywood Original(red) 1 7.50 7.50-7,50LuckyStrike Blue 2 7.75 7.50-8.00
LuckyStrikeConvertiblesClickandRollFresh
13 7.50 7.50-7.50
LuckyStrikeConvertiblesSwitchClickandRoll
7 7.50 7.50-7.50
LuckyStrike DoubleClickCold 13 8.25 7.50-9.00
LuckyStrike Red 1 7.50 7.50-7.50Minister Special 12 5.46 5.00-7.75Minister Unique(red) 8 5.53 5.00-6.50
PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)
Dallas Classic(bluestripe) 1 5.00 5.00-5.00
Dallas Classic(redblockwithcrest) 1 5.00 5.00-5.00
Dallas Classic(redstripe) 1 7.25 7.25-7.25
L&M BlueLabelFineCutTobacco 1 7.00 7.00-7.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica69
Marlboro BlueIceIceball 5 7.59 7.00-8.00
MarlboroDoubleBurstDoublecapTechnology
1 8.50 8.50-8.50
Marlboro Gold 2 7.75 7.50-8.00Marlboro Red 7 7.84 7.00-8.50
Djarum L.A. Cereja(Cherry) 3 8.32 8.00-9.00L.A. KretekMenthol 1 8.00 8.00-8.00
JapanInternational(JTI)
CamelBlueInternationalBlend
1 8.00 8.00-8.00
Camel DoubleMintPurple 1 8.50 8.50-8.50
Camel Filters(yellow) 1 missing missing
Winston BlueInternational 3 5.33 5.00-5.50
Winston ClassicInternational 3 5.63 5.00-6.50
Winston ExpandExoticMint 3 5.83 5.50-6.00
Notlisted Gift Gift 6 3.52 2.50-4.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica70
AppendixD:CigarettePacksPurchasedinChile
Manufacturer BrandName BrandVariantNumberofPacks
Purchased
AveragePrice
RangeofPrices(CLP–Pesos)
BritishAmericanTobacco(BAT)
Belmont BelmontRojo 1 4,500.00 4,500.00-4,500.00
Kent KentBelmontBlend 3 2,550.00 1,850.00-
3,000.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeClick 3 2,870.00 1,900.00-
3,400.00
LuckyStrike
LuckyStrikeConvertiblesFlowFilterIndigo
13 3,220.00 2,000.00-5,000.00
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp
5 4,100.00 3,500.00-5,000.00
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickWild
22 3,420.00 1,900.00-5,000.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeFresh 4 3,450.00 3,400.00-
3,500.00
PallMall PallMall(GraySpecialEdition) 1 2,650.00 2,650.00-
2,650.00
PallMall PallMallAzul 35 2,410.00 1,500.00-2,700.00
PallMall PallMallClickOnFreshTaste 13 2,630.00 1,700.00-
3,000.00
PallMall PallMallClickOnMentholBoost 52 2,650.00 1,400.00-
4,800.00
PallMall PallMallGris 1 2,600.00 2,600.00-2,600.00
PallMall PallMallRojo 9 3,310.00 2,000.00-4,500.00
MarcaKT&GPine PineBlue 1 1,100.00 1,100.00-
1,100.00PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)
L&M L&MRedLabel 1 2,600.00 2,600.00-2,600.00
MarlboroMarlboroCrushIceball&Purpleball
5 3,240.00 3,200.00-3,400.00
Marlboro MarlboroGoldOriginal 1 3,400.00 3,400.00-
3,400.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica71
PhilipMorris PhilipMorris(Blue) 3 2,470.00 2,400.00-
2,500.00
PhilipMorris PhilipMorris(Red) 5 2,500.00 2,400.00-
2,600.00
PhilipMorris PhillipMorrisCaps 3 2,800.00 2,700.00-
3,000.00SaigonTobaccoCompany-Vietnam
Nirvana Nirvana 1 1,100.00 1,100.00-1,100.00
TabacaleraHernandariasS.A.Paraguay
Fox Fox 5 1,600.00 1,200.00-2,000.00
TobacosApoloS.A. Latino Latino(Blue) 2 2,100.00 2,100.00-
2,100.00
Latino Latino(Red) 1 2,200.00 2,200.00-2,200.00
Latino LatinoFreeze 1 2,300.00 2,300.00-2,300.00
Latino LatinoKingSize(Blue) 1 1,100.00 1,100.00-
1,100.00
Latino LatinoKingSize(Red) 2 4,050.00 1,100.00-
7,000.00
Pacific PacificFilterLong(Red) 1 2,200.00 2,200.00-
2,200.00
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica72
AppendixE:CigarettePacksPurchasedinPeru
Manufacturer BrandName BrandVariantNumberofPacks
Purchased
AveragePrice
Rangeofprices(PEN
-Sol)BritishAmericanTobacco(BAT)
Hamilton HamiltonFresh_10 4 5.25 5.00-6.00
Hamilton Hamilton_10(bluecolor) 3 5.83 5.00-7.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeBlue_10 1 8.00 8.00-8.00
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickCrisp_10
6 7.17 7.00-7.50
LuckyStrikeLuckyStrikeDoubleClickWild_10
8 7.25 7.00-8.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeFresh_10 3 6.83 6.50-7.00
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeIndigo_10 4 7.00 6.50-7.50
LuckyStrike LuckyStrikeSwitch_10 4 7.00 6.50-7.50
PallMall PallMallClickonFreshTaste_10 6 4.88 3.50-8.50
PallMall PallMall_10(bluecolor) 19 3.78 3.00-7.50
PallMall PallMall_10(green) 6 3.72 3.50-4.00
PallMall PallMall_10(redcolor) 1 3.00 3.00-3.00
PallMall PallMall_20(Green) 1 7.50 7.50-7.50
WinstonWinstonAmericanFlavor_10
1 6.50 6.50-6.50
PhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)
L&M L&MForward2in1_10 1 3.00 3.00-3.00
Marlboro MarlboroBlueIce_10 1 6.00 6.00-6.00
Marlboro MarlboroGold_10 1 3.80 3.80-3.80
Marlboro MarlboroRed_10 1 5.50 5.50-5.50
FlavoredCigarettesatthePOSinLatinAmerica73
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