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xii
Other Deities 90
Ritual Activities 91
Rgya lo 94
Deity Dedication 96
Fourth Month Fast 98
The Fifth Day of the Fifth Month 98
Lab tse 99
Klu rol 103
Gson dge 103
Weddings 104
Funerals 106
CHAPTER THREE
LHA PA 109
Possession 111
Selection 119
Weapon Door Opening 128
Vow Commanding 130Ngag sgo 'byed pa 134
Activities 137
Removal of Complete Demolition 137
Curing Disease 139
Puppy Removal 139
Red Purification 140
Metal Incantation 140
Belly Stabbing 141Pressing Soil 141
Btsan kha 143
Roles During Klu rol 144
Governing Performances 144
Mouth Skewer Piercing 146
ConductingBzlog shog 147
Honoring and Punishing 150
Conflict Resolution 151Other Activities 153
Leadership Against Sog rgya 153
Rainmaking 154
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xiii
Cutting and Stabbing 157
Powers of Prediction 158
Enhanced Literacy 158
Animal Sacrifice 159
Attire 160
CHAPTER FOUR
LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF LHA PA 163
Lha pa and Change 163
Rtsa mi tshang 166
PayingLha pa 167
Lha pa Self-Perceptions 168
CONCLUSION 172
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ONE
Ha ra pA thurBsang Scripture 174
APPENDIX TWO
Dkar rtse gdongBsang Scripture 192
APPENDIX THREE
Reb Gong County And Tho KyA Town 197
APPENDIX FOUR
Ha ra pA thur Clans 198
APPENDIX FIVE
Lha pa Succession 199
APPENDIX SIXGlossary 201
BIBLIOGRAPHY 240
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81
SHA NYE116
TSHANG. Sha nye tshang and the Thang ga
clans may be related to Gu shrI han bstan 'dzin chos
rgyal.117
(Mkha' byams, ND:5)
Mkha' byams rgyal gave the following account:
The people of Sha nye tshang once lived between Spen dkarthang Monastery and the Ru 'og ma portion of Ha ra pA
thur. Ha ra pA thur villagers found a broken sword, a
threshing stone and adobe bricks when they were leveling
fields in 1965 or 1966 east of Ru 'og ma, where this clan
once dwelled. There used to be eighty households in the
clan, so they were named 'Sha nye Eighty Households.'118
Then the households scattered and only a few families
remained. Now there are two Sha nye tshang households
living in Ru 'og ma and six households in Thang ga.
SHI NYE TSHANG AND BAN DE TSHANG. Snying bo
rgyal gave the following account:
When my father was young119
and villagers irrigated thefields, each clan did so as a group and each clan took turns
irrigating. At that time my father often heard villagersmention two other clans, Shi nye tshang and Ban de tshang.
These two clans have now vanished. Few villagers now
know about these two clans.
116'Relative.'
117Gushri Khan (1592-1654) (Thob. nd.). We thank Dr.
Juha Janhunen for this information: "gu shrI han bstan
'dzin chos rgyal = Guushi Khan (the rest is apparently
Tibetan) = Gsi Khan (Written Mongol = Modern Mongol Khalkha )."
118Sha nye dud kha brgyad cu.
119Snying bo rgyal's father, Mkha' byams rgyal, was born
in 1938.
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