STB/95/051 ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTIONPOWER Annexes OF NATIONAL INNOVATIONSYSTEMS
PILOT STUDY: THE NETHERLANDS
Drs. Pim den HertogDr. Theo J.A. RoelandtDr. Patricia BoekholtHendrien van der GaagwithDrs. Patrick van der HofstadHenri Huisman
Apeldoorn, December 1995
Contents
ANNEX I: STATISTICAL ANNEX
ANNEX II: CANADA LIST
ANNEX III: APELDOORN LIST
ANNEX IV: MEGA-CLUSTERS
ANNEX V: PARTICIPANTS NATIONAL EXPERT MEETING
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
* The statistical annex is structured using the conceptual framework described insection 2.2. For that reason figure 2.1, representing the conceptual model, isincluded in this annex as well. Numbers of tables and figures refer to boxes andarrows given in this figure.
This list was used in the beginning of the project to review available sources on thebasis of an indicative list of indicators provided by the OECD. Canada provided thefirst overview. In the mean time most participating countries have made up such a list.The list displayed here reflects the situation for the Netherlands.
II-1
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
I.S
tock
san
dflo
ws
ofkn
owle
dge
Thi
sca
tego
ryof
(mos
tly)
’sto
ck’
indi
cato
rsis
quite
wel
les
tabl
ishe
d(R
&D
stat
istic
s,pa
tent
s,sc
ient
ome-
tric
s,et
c.)
I.1L
ea
rnin
gth
rou
gh
tra
inin
g
I.1a
form
altr
aini
ngpr
ovid
edby
empl
oyer
s(in
tens
ity,
dist
ribut
ion
byty
peof
firm
/tech
nolo
gy)
Var
ious
sour
ces
avai
labl
e:D
utch
Cen
tral
Sta
tistic
alO
ffice
(CB
S),
CP
B/M
inne
,R
OA
,in
nova
tion-
surv
ey
Som
ead
ditio
nal
case
stud
ies
avai
labl
ee.
g.fr
omS
ER
,R
OA
,B
arte
ls.
Itis
expe
cted
that
I.1co
uld
bew
ell
cove
red
usin
gav
aila
ble
data
,ty
peof
empl
oym
ent
poss
ibly
isth
em
ost
diffi
cult
part
.I.1
bsc
ienc
ean
den
gine
erin
gpe
rson
nel
(tot
alna
tiona
lst
ock
and
brea
kdow
nby
sect
oran
dty
peof
empl
oym
ent)
Var
ious
wel
les
tabl
ishe
dso
urce
sav
aila
ble:
OE
CD
/ME
RIT
,U
NE
SC
O,
CB
S,
Min
istr
yof
Edu
catio
n,C
ultu
rean
dS
cien
ces
I.2L
ea
rnin
gb
yd
oin
g
I.2a
cum
ulat
ive
R&
Dex
pend
iture
s(d
istr
ibu-
tion
byty
peof
firm
/tech
nolo
gy)
OE
CD
/ME
RIT
,in
nova
tion-
surv
ey,
CB
S,
EC
-D
GX
IIID
istr
ibut
ion
byte
chno
logy
mig
htpr
ove
tobe
diffi
cult
I.3E
mb
od
ied
kno
wle
dg
e(i/o
-an
aly
sis)
I.3a
high
tech
capi
tal
and
inte
rmed
iate
inpu
ts(d
omes
tical
lypr
oduc
ed/a
cqui
red
from
outs
ide)
CB
SB
ased
onC
BS
-mat
eria
lw
ew
illbe
able
topr
ovid
ete
chno
logy
flow
mat
rices
I.3b
softw
are
(dom
estic
ally
prod
uced
/acq
uire
dfr
omou
tsid
e)C
BS
I.4D
ise
mb
od
ied
kno
wle
dg
e(c
itatio
na
na
lysi
s)
I.4a
pate
nts
(dom
estic
ally
prod
uced
/acq
uire
dfr
omou
tsid
e)O
EC
D/M
ER
IT,
CW
TS
/EP
O,
US
Pat
ent
Offi
ce,
CP
BS
ome
addi
tiona
lca
sest
udy
mat
eria
le.
g.B
ulth
uis/
NE
I/DN
B,
SE
R
II-2
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
I.4b
scie
ntifi
cpa
pers
(dom
estic
ally
prod
u-ce
d/ac
quire
dfr
omou
tsid
e)C
WT
S/v
ario
usin
tern
atio
nal
data
base
sA
join
tef
fort
may
pay
off
here
.
II.F
orm
sof
know
ledg
esh
arin
gan
dtr
ansf
er1
-6
:un
iver
sitie
s,re
sear
chin
stitu
tes
and
indu
stry
7-
11:
betw
een
supp
liers
and
user
s
II.1
Un
ive
rsity
-in
du
stry
rese
arc
hce
ntr
es
(UIR
C’s
)C
BS
,T
echn
olog
yF
ound
atio
n(S
TW
)A
lthou
ghso
me
stat
istic
sar
eav
aila
ble,
espe
cial
lyth
eC
BS
-dat
ase
emto
bepr
omis
ing,
Thi
sis
one
ofth
em
ost
prob
lem
atic
indi
cato
rsbe
caus
eof
defin
ition
alpr
oble
ms
(wha
tar
eex
actly
UIR
C,
can
we
incl
ude
RT
Os)
and
lack
ofde
taile
dda
tae.
g.to
cove
rII.
1c/d
Obt
aini
nga
syst
emat
icov
ervi
ewof
rele
vant
orga
nisa
tions
prov
esto
bequ
itedi
fficu
lt
II.1a
num
ber
and
tech
nolo
gica
lsp
ecia
lisat
ion
ofU
IRC
’s
II.1b
mag
nitu
deof
R&
Def
fort
asso
ciat
edw
ithU
IRC
’s
II.1c
num
ber
and
type
ofun
iver
sity
facu
lty,
re-
sear
chsc
ient
ists
and
stud
ents
asso
ciat
edw
ithU
IRC
activ
ities
II.1d
impo
rtan
ceof
educ
atio
nal
func
tions
ofU
IRC
’s(n
umbe
rof
stud
ents
affil
iate
dw
ithU
IRC
’sbe
ing
hire
dby
part
icip
atin
gfir
ms)
II-3
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
II.2
Brid
gin
gin
stitu
tion
s
II.2a
Typ
ean
dec
onom
icim
port
ance
ofbr
id-
ging
inst
itutio
nsIn
nova
tion-
surv
eyA
dditi
onal
lym
ainl
yqu
alita
tive
mat
eria
lis
avai
labl
ew
hich
need
tobe
obta
ined
from
agr
eat
man
yso
urce
s.
II.3
Pe
rso
nn
el
mo
bili
ty
II.3a
Rat
esof
mob
ility
from
univ
ersi
tyan
dre
sear
chin
stitu
tes
toen
terp
rise
sect
orN
ost
atis
tics
avai
labl
eO
nly
som
ein
dica
tions
from
case
stud
ies.
Thi
sis
one
ofth
ear
eas
for
whi
chfo
rth
eN
ethe
rland
sad
ditio
nal
data
gath
erin
gw
ould
bene
eded
.
II.3b
recr
uitm
ent
and
dest
inat
ions
ofun
iver
sity
pers
onne
lw
hen
leav
ing
univ
ersi
ty
II.3c
part
ial
mob
ility
(sab
batic
al?,
cont
ract
re-
sear
ch,
mix
ed-r
esea
rch
posi
tions
)A
poss
ibili
tyw
ould
beto
surv
eyun
iver
sitie
san
dre
sear
chin
stitu
tes,
but
itis
expe
cted
that
nost
atis
tics
will
beav
aila
ble
atsu
cha
dese
greg
ated
leve
l.
II.3d
spin
offs
(firm
scr
eate
dby
acad
emic
rese
arch
ers)
II.4
Re
vea
led
ad
van
tag
ein
tra
nsf
er
an
de
ng
ine
erin
gsc
ien
ces
II.4a
shar
eof
scie
ntifi
cpu
blic
atio
nsin
tran
sfer
scie
nce
CW
TS
usin
gva
rious
(inte
r)na
tiona
lda
taba
ses
II-4
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
II.5
Me
tho
ds
of
lea
rnin
gin
un
ive
rsity
-in
du
s-tr
yre
latio
ns:
imp
ort
an
ceo
ffo
llow
ing
sou
rce
so
rm
eth
od
sfo
rle
arn
ing
ab
ou
tre
sea
rch
con
du
cte
din
un
ive
rsiti
es
for
ab
usi
ne
ssfir
m
II.5a
univ
ersi
typu
blic
atio
ns(f
orbu
sine
ssfir
ms)
Som
ein
cide
ntal
inpu
tfr
omth
ein
nova
tion-
surv
ey,
Min
istr
yof
Edu
catio
n,C
ultu
rean
dS
cien
ces,
Alg
emen
eR
eken
kam
er(G
ener
alA
ccou
ntin
gO
ffice
),un
iver
sitie
san
dR
TO
slik
eT
NO
/GT
I’sas
wel
las
indi
catio
nsof
join
tR
&D
e.g.
invo
lvem
ent
inE
urop
ean
Re-
sear
chP
rogr
amm
es
The
sein
dica
tors
coul
don
lybe
cove
red
byus
ing
vario
usle
ssw
ell
esta
blis
hed
stat
istic
san
din
cide
ntal
case
stud
ies.
Mos
tof
the
rele
vant
orga
nisa
tions
have
not
colle
cted
thes
eso
rtof
data
syst
emat
ical
ly.
Esp
ecia
llyII.
5a/c
/d/e
are
diffi
cult
toco
ver.
II.5b
conf
eren
ces
II.5c
trai
ned
staf
f
II.5d
info
rmal
cont
acts
II.5e
tem
pora
ryex
chan
ges
II.5f
cont
ract
R&
D
II.5g
join
tR
&D
II.6
Un
ive
rsity
rese
arc
ho
utp
ut,
de
live
red
insu
itab
lefo
rmfo
rin
du
stria
lu
se
II.6a
Inte
nsity
and
spec
ialis
atio
nof
univ
ersi
ties’
pate
ntin
gac
tiviti
esC
WT
S/E
PO
II.6b
%of
rese
arch
ers
from
univ
ersi
ties
havi
ngpu
blis
hed
stud
ies
(!)
and
pate
ntap
plic
atio
ns
CW
TS
usin
gva
rious
(inte
r)na
tiona
lda
taba
ses
II.6c
Am
ount
ofte
chni
cal
know
ledg
e(e
.g.
softw
are)
prod
uced
and
dist
ribut
edw
ithou
tch
arge
byun
iver
sitie
s
II.7
Pro
du
cer-
use
rin
tera
ctio
ns
II-5
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
II.8
Re
sea
rch
coo
pe
ratio
nw
ithin
an
db
etw
ee
ne
nte
rprise
s;F
irm
sre
po
rtin
gre
sea
rch
coo
pe
ratio
nb
yp
art
ne
r
II.8a
Intr
a-fir
mco
oper
atio
n(b
etw
een
busi
ness
units
)In
nova
tion-
surv
ey,
ME
RIT
data
onD
utch
part
icip
atio
nE
urop
ean
Fra
mew
ork
Pro
gram
mes
Esp
ecia
llyth
ein
nova
tion
surv
eyda
taco
ver
mos
tof
the
indi
cato
rsm
entio
ned
for
1992
.
Qui
tea
few
(cas
e)st
udie
sw
ithso
me
quan
titat
ive
indi
catio
nse.
g.B
arte
ls,
Moe
rdijk
&V
anO
oste
non
outs
ourc
ing
and
coop
erat
ion
inre
sear
ch.
II.8a
/d/e
/gm
aypr
ove
tobe
diffi
cult
toco
ver
asda
taha
veno
tbe
enid
entif
ied
yet.
II.8b
betw
een
firm
s:ho
rizon
tal
II.8c
betw
een
firm
s:ve
rtic
al(s
uppl
ier-
user
coop
erat
ion)
II.8d
cons
ulta
nts
II.8e
tech
nica
lre
sear
chin
stitu
tion
insp
ecifi
cin
dust
ries
II.8f
rela
tive
impo
rtan
ceof
inst
itutio
nal
form
sof
co-o
pera
tive
rese
arch
,lik
e:*j
oint
vent
ures
,*t
echn
olog
ical
coop
erat
ion
insp
ecifi
cin
dust
ry(e
.g.
LEI)
*lar
geco
oper
ativ
epr
ogra
mm
esin
volv
ing
mul
tidis
cipl
inar
yre
sear
ch
II.8g
impo
rtan
ceof
info
rmal
netw
orks
,as
ake
ym
echa
nism
for
shar
ing
know
ledg
e
II-6
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
II.9
imp
ort
an
ceo
fp
rop
ert
yrig
ht
syst
em
inkn
ow
led
ge
tra
nsf
er
&d
istr
ibu
tion
II.9a
%bu
sine
ssR
&D
expe
nditu
res
resu
lting
inin
telle
ctua
lpr
oper
tyrig
hts
Dat
am
ainl
ycl
ose
toII.
9a,
II.9b
/cpr
oves
tobe
diffi
cult
II.9b
econ
omic
effe
cts
ofin
telle
ctua
lpr
oper
tyrig
hts
II.9c
cros
s-lic
ensi
ngac
tiviti
es
II.10
pa
rtic
ipa
tion
inst
an
da
rdis
atio
na
ctiv
itie
sN
oda
taav
aila
ble
II.11
orie
nta
tion
of
tech
no
log
ya
nd
inn
ova
tion
po
licy
tow
ard
sd
iffu
sio
n
II.11
are
lativ
eam
ount
ofm
oney
allo
cate
dto
war
dsdi
ffusi
onat
both
natio
nal
and
regi
onal
leve
ls
Min
istr
yof
Eco
nom
icA
ffairs
,M
ER
IT,
TN
O,
Bar
tels
Mai
nly
qual
itativ
em
ater
ial
isav
aila
ble
e.g.
Hol
land
(tec
hnol
ogy
polic
ies
inth
ere
gion
).
II-7
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
III.
Effe
ctiv
enes
sof
know
ledg
esh
arin
gan
dtr
ansf
er:
1-
3:un
iver
sitie
s,re
sear
chin
stitu
tes
and
indu
stry
4-
5:am
ong
com
petit
ors
and
betw
een
supp
lier
&us
ers
(tec
hnol
ogy
diffu
sion
thro
ugh
flow
sof
embo
died
R&
Dan
dm
arke
tdi
strib
utio
nof
pate
nted
know
ledg
e)
III.1
Inte
nsi
tyo
fu
niv
ers
itykn
ow
led
ge
-ba
seb
yb
usi
ne
ssfir
ms
III.1
aim
port
ance
ofte
chni
cal
know
ledg
eob
tain
edfr
omun
iver
sitie
sto
the
inno
-va
tive
activ
ities
ofbu
sine
ssfir
ms
For
III.ib
CW
TS
/EP
O
III.1
bac
adem
icci
tatio
ns:
freq
uenc
yus
edin
corp
orat
epa
tent
sA
dditi
onal
data
gath
erin
gis
need
ed.
III.2
Co
-op
era
tive
R&
Db
etw
ee
nu
niv
ers
itya
nd
ind
ust
ry
III.2
anu
mbe
rof
form
alco
-ope
rativ
epr
ojec
tsbe
twee
nun
iver
sity
and
indu
stry
Ann
ual
repo
rts
from
indi
vidu
alun
iver
sitie
sm
aygi
vean
indi
catio
n.C
ompr
ehen
sive
over
view
isdi
fficu
ltas
not
all
proj
ects
will
bere
port
edin
the
sam
ew
ay.
Use
ofth
e(n
ew)
WB
SO
-sch
eme
(SE
NT
ER
)m
ight
give
insi
ght.
III.2
bjo
int
turn
over
ofIII
.2.a
III.2
cin
tens
ityof
co-p
aten
ting
betw
een
univ
ersi
ties
and
indu
stry
CW
TS
/EP
O
III.2
dte
chno
logi
cal
spec
ialis
atio
nof
III.2
c
III.2
ein
tens
ityof
co-p
ublic
atio
nbe
twee
nun
iver
sity
and
indu
stry
For
III.2
eC
WT
Sus
ing
vario
us(in
ter)
-na
tiona
lda
taba
ses
III2f
tech
nolo
gica
lsp
ecia
lisat
ion
ofe.
II-8
SU
GG
ES
TE
DIN
DIC
AT
OR
SA
VA
ILA
BLE
SO
UR
CE
SC
OM
ME
NT
S
III.3
Ind
ust
ria
lco
ntr
ibu
tion
tob
asi
cre
sea
rch
III.3
ash
are
ofbu
sine
ssfir
ms
into
tal
expe
nditu
reon
basi
cre
sear
chM
ER
IT/O
EC
D
III.3
bnu
mbe
rof
rele
vant
publ
icat
ions
byin
dust
rial
rese
arch
ers
CW
TS
usin
gva
rious
(inte
r)na
tiona
lda
taba
ses
III.4
Dis
trib
utio
no
fkn
ow
led
ge
am
on
gco
mp
etit
ors
an
db
etw
ee
nsu
pp
liers
an
du
sers
III.4
adi
ffusi
onra
teof
new
prod
ucts
and
proc
esse
sC
BS
(Nat
iona
lA
ccou
nts)
,in
nova
tion-
surv
ey
III.4
bdi
ffusi
onra
teof
spec
ific
high
-tec
hpr
oduc
ts
II-9
* This list reviews themes and topics on which well defined indicators andstructured data are missing. In the first column those themes and topics proposedby the OECD (see annex II) that are (hardly) available for the Netherlands aregiven. The second column identifies relevant themes and topics that are notincluded in this OECD-list.
III-1
A.
(IN
TE
R)N
AT
ION
AL
SC
IEN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
BA
SE
Th
em
es/
top
ics
pro
po
sed
by
OE
CD
-R
&D
-effo
rtas
soci
ated
with
univ
ersi
ties
-de
taile
din
dica
tors
onro
le/im
port
ance
oftr
ansf
ersc
ienc
es-
inte
nsity
and
spec
ialis
atio
nof
univ
ersi
ties’
and
RT
Os
pate
ntin
gac
tiviti
es
Po
ssib
leo
the
rth
em
es/
top
ics
-(u
nder
)util
isat
ion
ofav
aila
ble
stoc
ks(u
nem
ploy
edR
&D
pers
on-
nel,
wor
king
ofla
bour
mar
ket)
-op
port
uniti
esfo
ron
the
job
trai
ning
and
lear
ning
-ex
pert
ise
and
skill
sof
labo
urfo
rce
-in
tern
atio
nalis
atio
nof
and
espe
cial
lyac
cess
ibili
tyan
dab
ility
tous
eth
ein
tern
atio
nals
cien
cekn
owle
dge
base
-av
aila
bilit
yan
def
fect
iven
ess
oftr
ansf
erm
echa
nism
s(e
.g.
tran
sfer
bure
auof
HE
Is)
B.
FIR
MS
’TE
CH
NO
LOG
YK
NO
WLE
DG
EB
AS
E
Th
em
es/
top
ics
pro
po
sed
by
OE
CD
-in
tens
ityan
dsp
ecia
lisat
ion
offir
ms’
pate
ntin
gac
tiviti
es-
econ
omic
use
ofpa
tent
s/sc
ient
ific
pape
rs
Po
ssib
leo
the
rth
em
es/
top
ics
-(u
nder
)util
isat
ion
ofav
aila
ble
stoc
ks-
form
altr
aini
ngan
dpr
ofes
sion
alca
reer
ofR
&D
pers
onne
l(e.
g.pr
evio
usem
ploy
er)
-fir
ms’
abili
tyto
intr
oduc
ean
dpr
ofit
from
inve
stm
ents
inne
weq
uipm
ent
and
mat
eria
ls-
leve
lof
inte
rnat
iona
lisat
ion
and
oppo
rtun
ities
tobe
nefit
from
in-
tern
atio
nalt
echn
olog
ykn
owle
dge
base
III-2
C.
FLO
WS
INN
IS
Th
em
es/
top
ics
pro
po
sed
by
OE
CD
Po
ssib
leo
the
rth
em
es/topi
cs
Cso
urce
san
dde
stin
atio
nof
R&
Dfin
anci
ngat
clus
ter
leve
l
5.nu
mbe
ran
dte
chno
logi
cals
peci
alis
atio
nof
univ
ersi
tyre
late
dre
sear
chin
stitu
tes
prim
arily
wor
king
for
indu
strie
s5.
co-o
pera
tive
orjo
int
HE
I-in
dust
ryR
&D
5/6/
8tr
ansf
erby
S&
E-p
erso
nnel
mob
ility
orre
crui
tmen
t5/
8.te
mpo
rale
xcha
nges
ofpe
rson
nel/m
ixed
rese
arch
posi
tion
sof
R&
D-s
taff
5/8.
HE
I/RT
Ore
sear
chpu
blic
atio
nsfo
rbu
sine
ssfir
ms/
HE
Is-
RT
Os-
indu
stry
conf
eren
ces
5/8.
cros
s-lic
ensi
ngac
tiviti
es
5/8.
cont
ract
-res
earc
hof
HE
Is/R
TO
spe
rcl
uste
r5/
8.pr
oduc
tan
dpr
oces
sin
nova
tions
used
byin
dust
ryor
igin
ated
from
HE
Is/R
TO
spe
rcl
uste
r5/
8.co
-pub
licat
ions
offir
ms
and
HE
Is/R
TO
spe
rcl
uste
r
6.on
the
job
trai
ning
per
clus
ter
6.in
tra-
conc
ern
R&
Dflo
ws
per
clus
ter
8.co
-ope
rativ
eor
join
tR
TO
/indu
stry
R&
D8.
RT
Os
trai
ning
prog
ram
mes
8.pe
rcen
tage
cont
ract
rese
arch
perf
orm
edfo
rbu
sine
ssfir
ms
byR
TO
san
dcl
uste
r
9.fir
ms’
use
ofbr
idgi
ngin
stitu
tions
inin
nova
tion
activ
ities
9.us
eof
cons
ulta
nts
inR
&D
-act
iviti
es9.
use
ofpa
tent
info
rmat
ion
per
clus
ter
9.ty
peof
info
rmat
ion
and
advi
cepr
ovid
edby
brid
ging
inst
i-tu
tions
per
clus
ter
9.ro
leof
brid
ging
inst
itutio
nsin
educ
atio
nan
dtr
aini
ngpe
rcl
uste
r9.
role
ofbr
idgi
ngin
stitu
tions
inde
mon
stra
ting
new
tech
no-
logi
esan
dne
wpr
actic
espe
rcl
uste
r9.
role
ofbr
idgi
ngin
stitu
tions
inbu
ildin
g(in
form
al)
netw
orks
and
exch
angi
ngex
perie
nces
per
clus
ter
III-3
10.
join
tR
&D
with
engi
neer
ing
com
pani
es10
.in
stitu
tiona
lfor
ms
ofin
ter-
firm
R&
D-c
o-op
erat
ion
(join
tve
ntur
es,
larg
e(E
C)c
o-op
erat
ive
rese
arch
prog
ram
mes
)10
.in
form
alne
twor
ks(O
EC
DII8
g)10
.m
obili
tyof
S&
E-p
erso
nnel
betw
een
com
pani
es10
.cr
oss
licen
sing
activ
ities
10.
part
icip
atio
nin
stan
dard
isat
ion
activ
ities
10.
tech
nolo
gyba
lanc
eof
paym
ent
per
clus
ter
11.
mag
nitu
dean
def
fect
iven
ess
ofva
rious
diffu
sion
orie
nted
polic
yin
stru
men
ts11
.av
aila
bilit
yan
def
fect
iven
ess
ofte
chno
logy
polic
yin
stru
men
tsai
med
atte
chno
logy
fore
sigh
t,de
mon
stra
tion
and
netw
orki
ng
DF
IRM
S’C
OM
PE
TIT
IVE
NE
SS
Th
em
es/
top
ics
pro
po
sed
by
OE
CD
Po
ssib
leo
the
rth
em
es/
top
ics
-pe
rcen
tage
oftu
rnov
erre
alis
edw
ithpr
oduc
ts/p
roce
sses
intr
odu-
ced
last
thre
eye
ars
bycl
uste
r-
com
petit
iven
ess
bycl
uste
r-
expo
rts
bycl
uste
r
III-4
* A more detailed analysis is included in H. van der Gaag (1995),Clusterseconomisch en technologisch bekeken. Een verkenning van de statistischeidentificatiemogelijkheden, STB-95-039, TNO-STB, Apeldoorn.
Although there are various methods to identify clusters, two main-types can bediscerned e.g. mono-graphical case studies and more statistical studies. By combiningthe two a picture emerges of the economic structure of a country in terms of networksof industries (at various levels of aggregation) and specialisation patterns.
Based on multiple sector studies conducted by TNO-STB and quantitative methodsusing data on products and services and technology flows1 between sectors, ninemega-clusters were identified. These clusters are displayed in figure IV.1. Not onlymanufacturing industries can be placed in the cluster chart, also services with activitiesin specific industry can thus be allocated to one of the clusters. It shows how thevarious economic activities relate to each other. Of course there are overlaps betweenthe clusters and some industries can not be easily classified in one of them. Table IV.1gives a more detailed description of the economic activities included in the differentmega-clusters.
1 For the Dutch case we estimated ’embodied’ intermediate innovation flows using the followingdata sources and methods:- make- and use-tables containing detailed information on making and using intermediate
products at an aggregation level of about 650 categories of products and about 230economic sectors;
- cluster analysis, identifying networks of strongly interconnected value chains;- Dutch Innovation Survey 1992, containing detailed information on innovation performance
and on the share of new products in economic sectors’ turnover.
IV-1
Table IV.1. Clusters in the dutch economy
Cluster Value Added(million guilders)
Main economic activities
Construction 79.929 Manufacture of building materials, earthenware;Construction and installation on constructionprojects
Chemicalindustry
18.078 Chemical basic products industry, manufacture ofartificial and synthetic yarns and fibres; Chemicalfinal product industry; Rubber and plastic-processing industry; Petroleum Industry
Services 214.409 Commercial (Trade; Hotels, restaurants, etc;Business services; Cleaning services etc) and non-commercial (Education,Public Administration,Corporate Business Organs, Social Services etc)
Energy 27.012 Electricity generation, Gas distribution, Watersupply, Crude Petroleum and natural gas pro-duction and exploration.
Health 29.731 Health and veterinary services (hospitals, nursinghomes, general practitioners services, Dentist,Psychiatric institutions and other medical services;Manufacture of pharmaceutical and antisepticdressings, Manufacture of Medical instruments
Agro-food 34.788 Agriculture; Horticulture,Forestry; Fishing,;Meat processing industry; Flourprocessing; Canning, preserving and processing offruits and vegetables; Animal feed, Oils and fats,Manufacture of dairy products, Starch, Sugarindustry, Beverages and Manufacture of chocolateand confectionary.
Multi-media 13.967 Printing, publishing and related industries, Photostudios and Film & Foto-laboratories, Computerservices; Advertising and Publicity Agencies;Theatres, Cinemas; Movie Organisations.
Manufacturingindustries(mainlyincludingdiscreteproduction)
59.741 Electrotechnical industries,Automobile industry, Manufacture of transport,Basic metal industry; Manufacture of metalproducts, Machinery; Manufacture of instrumentsand optical goods; Wood and furniture in-dustry;Paper and cardboard industry; Paperwareand corrugated cardboard industry; manufacture ofglass and glass products; Textiles industry.
Transport &Ports
36.532 See and Air transport, Railways, Tram and Busservices, travel agencies, shipping and othertransport and storage
IV-3
Ir. F.C.H.D. van de BeemtTechnology Foundation (STW)
Mr. E. BrouwerFoundation for Economic Research of the University of Amsterdam (SEO)
Mr. P. den HertogTNO Centre for Technology and Policy Studies (TNO-STB)
Prof. Dr. A. KleinknechtEconomic and Social Institute of the Free University of Amsterdam (ESI-VU)
Mr. B. MinneCentral Planning Bureau (CPB)
Mr. J. PronkNetherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
Dr. T.J.A. RoelandtTNO Centre for Technology and Policy Studies (TNO-STB)
Mr. J. van SteenMinistry of Education, Culture and Sciences
Dr. R.J.W. TijssenCentre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS)
Dr. B. VerspagenMaastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT)
Dr. R. van ZijpMinistry of Economic Affairs
V-1