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Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)
Biological Science 2
2012
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ART strategies Artificial insemination (AI) In vitro fertilisation (IVF) Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ISCI) Pre implantation genetic diagnosis
(PGD) Donor gametes (sperm and/or ova) Surrogacy
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Artificial insemination
Usually used in conjunction with donor sperm
Sperm is inserted directly into the uterus
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In vitro fertilisation
Useful for:– Women with blocked or damaged fallopian
tubes– Couples requiring donor ova– Cases of male infertility due to low sperm
count or poor motility
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Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection Used in cases of abnormal sperm in
conjunction with IVF Ova are collected A single sperm cell is injected into the
ovum, fertilising it
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Pre implantation genetic diagnosis Carried out in conjunction with IVF Following fertilisation, the zygote is
grown for several days At the 8-16 cell stage, 1 cell is carefully
harvested & genetic analysis is carried out
Only healthy zygotes are transferred into the mother
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Donor gametes
Used in cases where either parent is unable to produce normal gametes or when they know that they carry a genetic disease
Donor eggs requires the use of hormones to cause superovulation & minor surgery to collect the eggs
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Surrogacy A second female carries the pregnancy to term for a
couple, generally carried out in conjunction with IVF Suitable for women who are infertile following a
hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), uterine abnormalities, or who are unable to undergo a pregnancy due to serious health reasons (also used by gay couples)
In Australia:– Paid surrogacy is illegal– The woman who gives birth is the legal mother- the first
woman must then adopt the child
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Questions1. It is possible for 5 people to contribute to
the birth of a child- an infertile couple (the parents), a sperm donor, an egg donor, and a surrogate. What are the rights of each of these people? What are the rights of the resultant child?
2. What financial incentives should there be for gamete donors or surrogates?