Download - Auditory & Visual Attention: New Developments in Assessment Using CPTs C. K. Conners, Ph.D
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Auditory & Visual Attention: New Developments in Assessment
Using CPTs
C. K. Conners, Ph.D.
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Conners’ CPT II
Continuous Performance Test II
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Conners’ CPT II
Development & Standardization
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Normative Data
Nonclinical N = 1920• N = 812 Epidemiological Study• N = 1108 Multi-Site Study
ADHD N = 378 Neurological N = 223
(Adults)
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Gender Composition of the CPT II Nonclinical Sample
Age Group Males Females
Under 18 52.5% 47.5%
18+ 28.8% 71.2%
Overall 47.2% 52.8%
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Ethnic Composition of the CPT II Nonclinical Sample
Ethnic Group Count % of Sample % not including“Other”
White 904 47.0 59.9
Black 518 27.0 34.3
Asian 88 4.6 5.8
Other* 410 21.4 —
*Note: The epidemiological sample classified individuals as “African American” or “Other,” producing a large percentage of “Other” classifications.
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Diagnostic Breakdown of Neurological Sample
Diagnostic Category % Occurrence as Primary orSecondary Diagnosis
Post-concussive (310.2) 29
Other Organic Brain Syndrome (310.8) 21
Concussion with brief loss of consciousness (850.1) 6
Variants of migraine (346.2) 6
Frontal Lobe Syndrome (310.0) 5Headaches (784.0) 5Dementia (290.13, 290.43, 294.1) 5
Pain disorder associated with psychological and medicalconditions (307.89)
5
Late effects of cerebrovascular disease: Cognitive deficits(438.0)
3
Cortical contusion with loss of consciousness (851.02) 2
Disorder of written expression (315.2) 2Other 11
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Conners’ CPT II
Developmental Trends(Nonclinical Norm Data)
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Hit Reaction Time (HRT)
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Standard Error (SE)
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Commissions
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Omissions
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Test-Retest Correlation Coefficients for the CPT II (n =
23)
Omissions .84** Perseverations .43*
Commissions .65** Hit RT Block Change .28
Hit RT .55* Hit SE Block Change .08
Hit RT Std Error .65** Hit RT ISI Change .51*
Variability .60* Hit SE ISI Change .05
Detectability(d prime)
.76** Confidence Index (ADHD) .89**
Response Style(Beta)
.62* Confidence Index (Neuro.) .92**
* p < .05** p < .01
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CPT II
Discrimination of Clinical and Nonclinical Groups
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ANCOVA Results Summary
ADHD, Neuro., and Nonclinical groups compared across measures controlling for Age and Gender
The clinical groups (ADHD & Neuro.) scored significantly higher (p < .001) than nonclinical on ALL measures
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ANCOVA Results Summary (continued)
Also, relative to the ADHD group, the Neuro. Group• made more omission errors
(p < .001)• had slower RTs (p < .001)• had more variable responses
(p < .001)• responded less consistently by ISI (p
< .001)
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Discriminant Functions
Used to identify best predictors for
differentiating between groups Different Functions used for child/adult,
ADHD/Neuro assessment
Used to determine classification accuracy
rates
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ADHD vs. Nonclinical, Ages 6-17: Contribution of Measures to
Discriminant Function
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ADHD vs. Nonclinical, Ages 18+: Contribution of Measures to
Discriminant Function
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Neurological Impairment vs. Nonclinical: Contribution of Measures
to Discriminant Function
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CPT II Confidence Indexes
Based on Discriminant Function Analysis Provides a Classification Prediction
• Index > 50 (Prediction: Clinical)• Index < 50 (Prediction: Nonclinical)
Exact value of index indicates the “probability” associated with the prediction
Incorrect to use index as the sole criterion for CPT II assessment
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Group Differences for 6-17 Year Olds,
ADHD vs. Nonclinical
0 = Nonclinical 1 = ADHD
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Group Differences for 18+ Year Olds,
ADHD vs. Nonclinical
0 = Nonclinical 1 = ADHD
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Group Differences for 18+ Year Olds,
Neuro. vs. Nonclinical
0 = Nonclinical 2 = Neurological
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Classification Accuracy and Error Rates
Specificity(False Positives)
Sensitivity(False Negatives)
ADHD vs. NonclinicalUnder 18 83% (17%) 82% (18%)
ADHD vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 87% (13%) 88% (12%)
Neuro. vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 92% (8%) 85% (15%)
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Reduce False Positives (Option)
Adjusts for Base Rates
Increases certainty of need for
follow-up (i.e., helps avoid “false
alarms”)
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Classification Accuracy (Reduce False Positives Option Used)
Specificity(False Positives)
Sensitivity(False Negatives)
ADHD vs. NonclinicalUnder 18 95% (5%) 55% (45%)
ADHD vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 98% (2%) 71% (29%)
Neuro. vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 98% (2%) 68% (32%)
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Minimize False Negatives (Option)
In clinical settings, may be used to
adjust for Base Rates
Useful Option when focus is on
corroboration of Dx
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Classification Accuracy (Reduce False Negatives Option Used)
Specificity(False Positives)
Sensitivity(False Negatives)
ADHD vs. NonclinicalUnder 18 57% (43%) 95% (5%)
ADHD vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 63% (37%) 96% (4%)
Neuro. vs. Nonclinical18 Years & Above 77% (23%) 93% (7%)
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Conners’ CPT II
Features of the Software
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Single Administration Report Options
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Multiple Administration Report Options
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Multi-Admin Comparison Graph
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Multi-Admin Interpretation Text
Progressive AnalysisSecond Administration (Aug 09, 2000) vs. Third Administration (Aug 16,2000)
There was a substantial change in the Confidence Index between these two administrations. The decrease in the Confidence Index was sufficient to produce a nonclinical classification on the third administration while the second administration suggested a clinical classification. The change was statistically significant based on the Jacobson-Truax assessment procedure.
First Administration (Aug 02, 2000) vs. Second Administration (Aug 09, 2000)
There was a substantial change in the Confidence Index between these two administrations. The change was statistically significant based on the Jacobson-Truax assessment procedure. In both administrations, but especially in the first, the Confidence Index favored a clinical classification.
Current Performance vs. First AdministrationFirst Administration (Aug 02, 2000) vs. Third Administration (Aug 16, 2000)
There was a substantial change in the Confidence Index between these two administrations. The decrease in the Confidence Index was sufficient to produce a nonclinical classification on the third administration while the first administration suggested a clinical classification. The change was statistically significant based on the Jacobson-Truax assessment procedure.
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CPT II Preference Options
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CPT II Medication List
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C-DATA
Why do we need an auditory CPT?
What is the goal of this project?
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C-DATA
Development of Auditory Attention
LD, ADHD, CAPD
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C-DATA
Paradigm
• Likely need to diverge from visual CPT type paradigms
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C-DATA
Paradigm Criteria
• Applicable to wide age range• Measure ability to direct attention to one
channel or the other• Competing sounds included• Include consonant-vowel (CV) elements• Verbal and non-Verbal
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C-DATA
Paradigm Criteria (Continued)
• Measure lateral preference• Mobility of Attention measured• Signal Detection Theory/Response bias• Stimulus onset asynchrony varied• Inter-Stimulus Interval varied• Vigilance measured
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C-DATA
Paradigms
• Tone condition
• Dichotic Condition
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C-DATA
Statistics
• Hits to targets• False alarms to warnings• Omissions to targets• Delayed responses• Mobility• REA• Laterality