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Australian women and the gender dividePresentation to the China Australia Governance Program
Rebecca CassellsActing Senior Research Fellow
21 May 2009
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The Generations
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Background
● Economic and social status of Australian women
● Changes over time
● Comparison between men and women
● Employment, educational attainment, income, wealth and lifetime earnings.
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Background
● Essentially, we seek to answer the question:
“Have women gained equal standing in Australian society today?”
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Social and economic changes – a brief history
● Right to vote – 1902
● Legislation – 1960s, 70s, 80s and 90s
● Contraceptive pill – 1961
● Abolished university fees – 1974
● Booming economy – 1990s
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Women ≠ Babies
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Changing age-specific fertility,1927-2007
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Educational Attainment
● 53% of women have a post-school qualification, 55% of men
● Generation Y (those aged in 20s), 46% women, 42% men
● Currently there are almost 80,000 more women than men enrolled in University
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Labour force participation
● Increased from 48% in1986 to 58% in 2008.
● Increasing for women with young children
● Increased pressure to “balance” work and family
● 70 per cent of part-time jobs are held by women
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How are women working?
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Men still dominate senior leadership positions
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Division in wages, wealth and retirement
● Gender Wage Gap
● Retirement incomes
● Superannuation
● Lifetime earnings
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Gender Wage Gaps
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Disposable income of retirees, 2006
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Principal source of income of retirees, 2007
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Superannuation balances by age group and gender, 2007
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Gaps in expected lifetime earnings, with and without children, 2006
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Gaps in expected lifetime earnings, children and educational attainment, 2006
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Conclusion and discussion
● Women are now engaged more in the workforce
● Delaying and having fewer children
● Highly educated, especially the younger generations
● Struggle to balance work and family
● Gender Wage gaps are closing
● Large gaps in retirement incomes, superannuation and life-time earnings.
● Paid parental leave
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