Authoring,EditingandVisualizingCompoundObjectsforLiteraryScholarship

AnnaGerber,JaneHunter

SchoolofInformationTechnologyandElectricalEngineeringTheUniversityofQueensland{agerber,jane}@itee.uq.edu.au

ThispaperpresentsLORE(LiteratureObjectRe‐useandExchange),alight‐weighttooldesignedto enable scholars and teachers of literature to author, edit and publish OAI‐ORE‐compliantcompound informationobjects that encapsulate relateddigital resources andbibliographic re‐cords.LOREprovidesagraphicaluserinterfaceforcreating,labellingandvisualizingtypedrela‐tionships between individual objects using terms from a bibliographic ontology based on theIFLAFRBR.Aftercreatingacompoundobject,userscanattachmetadataandpublishittoare‐pository (as anRDFgraph)where it canbe searched, retrieved, editedand re‐usedbyothers.LOREhasbeendevelopedinthecontextoftheAustralianLiteratureResourceproject(AustLit)andhencefocusesoncompoundobjectsforteachingandresearchwithintheAustralianliterarystudiescommunity.However itcaneasilybe tailoredtosupport thecreationofcompoundob‐jectsforliteraryandbibliographicresearchmoregenerally.

1Introduction

Withinthedisciplineofliteratureresearchandteaching,theabilitytorelatedisparatedigitalre‐sourcesinastandardized,machine‐readableformathasthepotentialtoaddsignificantvaluetodistributedcollectionsofliteraryresources.Suchcompoundobjectscanbeusedtotracktheli‐neage of derivativeworkswhich are based on a common concept, to relate objects around acommontheme,ortoencapsulaterelateddigitalresourcesforteachingpurposes.Forexample,onemightwanttorelatetheoriginaleditionofFollowtheRabbit­ProofFencetothe illustratededition,aradiorecordingandadigitalversionofthefilm–andtoretrieveandpresentthesere‐sources,withtheirrelationshipsvisualized,regardlessoftheirlocation.Ourobjectiveistopro‐vide a software tool to enable suchencapsulation and subsequent re‐use andvisualization, bybuildingontheeffortsoftwopreviousdigitallibraryinitiatives:

• TheIFLAFunctionalRequirementsforBibliographicRecords(IFLA,1998)

• TheOAI‐ObjectReuseandExchange(OAI,2008)

FRBR isarecommendationof the InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociationsandInstitu‐tions(IFLA)torestructurecataloguedatabasestoreflecttheconceptualstructureofinformationresources.Itusesanentity‐relationshipmodelofmetadataforbibliographicresourcesthatsup‐ports four levels of representation:work, expression,manifestation and item. It also supportsthreegroupsofentities:productsofintellectualorartisticendeavour(publications);entitiesre‐sponsibleforintellectualorartisticcontent(apersonororganisation);andentitiesthatserveassubjectsofintellectualorartisticendeavour(concept,object,event,andplace).

TheOpenArchivesInitiativeObjectReuseandExchange(OAI‐ORE)isaninternationalcollabora‐tiveinitiative,focusingonaframeworkfortheexchangeofinformationaboutDigitalObjectsbe‐tween cooperating repositories, registries and services.OAI‐OREaims to support the creation,managementanddisseminationofthenewformsofcompositedigitalresourcesbeingproducedbyeResearchandtomaketheinformationwithintheseobjectsdiscoverable,machine‐readable,interoperableandreusable.ResourceMapsandtheircomponentresourcesareallwebresourceswhichcanbe identifiedandunambiguouslyreferencedbyHTTPURIhandles, thusprovidingabasisforreuseandexchange.NamedGraphs(Jeremyetal,2005)areendorsedbytheOAI‐OREinitiative as a means of publishing compound digital objects that clearly states their logicalboundaries (Lagoze,2007). Theydo this inaway that isdiscipline‐independent,but thatalsoprovideshookstoincluderichsemantics,metadata,ontologiesandrules.InthetermsoftheOAI‐ORE,compoundobjectscorrespond toOREAggregations, and theNamedGraphs thatdescribethemtoOREResourceMaps.

OurhypothesisisthatOAI­OREResourceMapsprovidetheidealmechanismforrepresentingliter­arycompoundobjectsthatencapsulatetheentitiesandrelationshipsexpressedbytheIFLAFRBR.Totestourhypothesis,weareworkingwiththeAustralianliteraturestudiescommunitythroughAustLit,aspartoftheAus‐e‐Litproject.

2Objectives

AustLitisacollaborationledbytheUniversityofQueensland,betweentwelveAustralianuniver‐sities,theNationalLibraryofAustraliaandtheAustralianResearchCouncil.ItprovidesthepeakresourceofbibliographicdataforscholarsundertakingresearchintoAustralianliteraryheritageand print culture. Within AustLit, research activities are undertaken by communities of re‐searchersfocusingonparticulartopics,regions,genresorofotherspecialinterests.AustLitcur‐rently supports sixteen different research communities, includingBlackWords, Children’s Lit‐erature,ExpatriateandPopularFiction.

TheAustLitdatamodelisbasedontheIFLAFRBR(Kilner,2005),makingitidealforevaluatingLORE. Figure 1 shows anAustLitwork recordwith correspondences to FRBR entities.WithinAustLit,eachworkrecordpresentsinformationrelatingtoaFRBRWork.ThetermsversionandpublicationareusedinterchangeablywithFRBR’sExpressionandManifestation.AustLitdoesnotrecordanydetailsaboutItems.

TheAustLitdatamodelextendsFRBRwitheventmodelling,basedontheABCHarmony(LagozeandHunter,2001)andINDECSmodels.Forexample,WorkshaveaCreationEventwithassoci‐atedattributestorecordtheDateandAgents(peopleororganisations)whowereinvolvede.g.theauthors,illustrators,translatorsetc.TheAustLitdatamodelalsoaddsattributesandrela‐tionshipsthatareusedtorecordinformationforspecificresearchgroups,forexample,theBannedinAustraliaresearchcommunityusestheisBannedattributeplusadditionalrelation‐shipstoindicatetheresponsibleAgent,andnotesanddatesassociatedwiththecensorshipoftheWork.ByexaminingtheentitiesandrelationshipsintheAustLitdatabase,wecreatedanOWLontologythatprovidedthebasisfortheLOREontology.

Figure1.AustLitworkrecord

AuthoringandeditingofAustLitrecordsisrestrictedtoAustLitstaffandafewkeymembersoftheresearchsub‐communitieswhohavebeentrainedtousethecomplexdataentryinterface.Research communities cannot create their own additions or extensions to the datamodel torecord specialized research data – theymust request changes to bemade to the underlyingAustLitdatabaseontheirbehalf.AstheamountofspecializedresearchactivitywithinAustLithasincreased,theproliferationofadditionstothesharedunderlyingdatamodelhasincreased.ThishasincreasedthecomplexityoftheAustLituserinterface,makingitevenlessaccessibletoscholarswhohavenotbeentrainedinitsuse.

Hencethecoreaimsoftheworkdescribedinthispaperweretoprovideeasy‐to‐usetoolsthatcanbeseamlesslyintegratedwithinexistingresearchpracticesthroughtheAustLitWebPortalandthatenable:

• collaborativeauthoringofscholarlycompoundobjectsusingstandardisedformats;

• thepublishingofcompoundobjectsinopenaccessrepositoriessotheycanbereadilyshared,re‐usedandedited;

• thediscoveryandre‐useofthesecompoundobjectsthroughtheattachmentofsimplemetadata;

• theexpressionofrelationshipsbetweenliteraryresources(includingthelineageofde‐rivedintellectualproducts);

• thevisualizationofrelationshipsthroughintuitivegraphicaluserinterfacesandpresen‐tationformats;

• standardizedmetadatatermsfordescribingcompoundobjectsandacontrolledsetofrelationshiptypesfordescribingtherelationshipsbetweenthecomponentsthatmakeupacompoundobject.

3RelatedWork

AnumberofpreviouseffortshaveappliedOAI‐OREtospecificscientificdisciplinestoencapsu‐late experimental data and results. These include: Foresite (2008), eChemistry (VanNoorden,2008),UIUC(Cole,2008)andSCOPE(Cheungetal,2007).AlthoughCULTOS(2003)usesRDFtorepresent multimedia and hypertext presentations for e‐Humanities applications, it does notcombineOAI‐OREandIFLA‐FRBRtocaptureorlabelthepreciserelationshipsbetweenentities.Also relevant isanoverviewofprevious implementationsandapplicationsof IFLAFRBR,pro‐videdbyBabeu(2008).

AlthoughasignificantpastfocusofeHumanitiestoolsdevelopmenthasbeenonscholarlymark‐upandannotation tools toattach interpretations to individualobjectsorpartsofobjects (e.g.,paragraphswithinanarticle)(Schreibmanetal,2004) .LOREtakestheannotationparadigmastepfurther,enablingauthorstoannotatelinksbetweenmultipleresourcesofmixedmediatype,withtagsfromanontology.

Previous efforts focusing on the visualization of OAI‐ORE compound objects have developednode and arc diagrams for visualizing Resource Maps and their evolution over time. Van DeSompel&Lagoze(2007)conductedanexperimentthatusedtheInternetArchive’sWaybackMa‐chinetoarchiveanddisplaychangestoResourceMapsovertime.ThisworkusesWebdotandGraphViztovisualizeResourceMapsontheWeb.

4Implementation

LOREisimplementedasaMozillaFirefoxextensionusingAJAXtechnologies.TheUserInterface(UI)elementsareimplementedusingXUL(XMLUserInterfaceLanguage).LOREstoresandque‐riescompoundobjectsviaRESTfulwebservicesonaSesame2RDFdatastorerunningasaTom‐catJavaServlet.ASesamecontext(theequivalentofaNamedGraph)iscreatedtorepresenteachcompoundobject.TheuseofNamedGraphsallowsintra‐aggregationrelationshipsandmetadataaboutaggregatedresourcestobestoredandretrievedalongwiththeOREResourceMap.WesetupApache2redirectrulestoensurethatanRDF/XMLrepresentationthatdescribestheNamedGraphislocatedattheURIthatidentifieseachResourceMap.

Theinternalrelationshiptypes,aswellasmetadatatermsthatcanbeappliedtoaggregatedob‐jectsarespecifiedbyadomain‐specificOWLontology.Thisontologywasdevelopedbyextend‐ingtheexistingAustLitontologywithrelationshipsidentifiedthroughconsultationwithAustLitresearchers.Figure2showsthekeyclassesandpropertiesfromtherelationshipontology.

TheLORErelationshipontologyisasimplifiedversionofAustLit’simplementationofIFLAFRBR,containingjusttheAgent,Concept,Event,Work,Expression,Manifestation,Item,PlaceandRe­sourceclasses.TheEventclassinthisontologyrepresentseventssuchaswriters’festivalsandworkshopsratherthaneventsassociatedwiththelifecycleofFRBRentitiesfromtheAustLitdatamodel.Someoftherelationshipsdefinedbytherelationshipontologycanbeexpressedusingthe

AustLitontology,butarenoteasytoapplyusingLORE.Anexampleistheis_agent_ofpropertyanditssub‐propertiessuchasis_author_of.TheAustLitdatamodelonlyallowsauthorsbeat‐tachedtoaWork’sCreationEventratherthandirectlytoaWork.ThesimplifiedLORErelation‐shipontologyallowsuserstospecifyanauthorshiprelationshipdirectlybetweenaWorkandAgent.

Figure2.SubsetofLORErelationshipontology

TheLORErelationshipontology ispresented inmoredetail inAppendixA.TheLORErelation‐shipontologyisprovidedasthedefaultontology;howeveruserscanconfigureLOREtouseanyOWLontologybymodifyingtheuserpreferences.

LOREcanexporttoRDF/XML,TriGformatorFedoraObjectXML(FOXML)files(FedoraCom‐mons,2009).ThisallowscompoundobjectstobeusedwithotherRDF‐enabledtoolsortobein‐gestedintoaFedorarepository.WhenexportingtoFedora,aFOXMLfileiscreateddescribingaFedoraobjectwithadatastreamoftype‘R’foreachresource.ADublinCore(DC)datastreamwithintheobjectstoresmetadatafortheresource(suchasdc:format).Theresourcemapisrep‐resentedbyaFedoraobjectwithaDCdatastreamformetadataandwithaRELS‐EXTdatastreamtostoretheore:aggregatesrelationshipsaswellasanyotherrelationshipsbetweenre‐sources.

5UserInterface

Figure 3 illustrates the display of an OAI‐ORE resource map within LORE’s graphical editor.Nodesrepresenttheindividualresourcesthatareaggregatedwithintheresourcemapandarcsrepresentthetypedrelationshipsbetweenthem.

EachnodedisplaystheURIandaninteractivepreviewoftheresourcethatitrepresents.ClickingontheURIopenstheresourceinthemainbrowserwindow.Nodepreviewscanbecollapsedto

conservescreenspace,as shown for the Jerilderienode in thecentreofFigure3,or resized todisplaymore content, as shown for the imageof the Jerilderie Letter on the right‐hand sideofFigure3.ThisallowsuserstoviewandinteractwithaggregatedresourcesdirectlyfromwithinLOREratherthanhavingtoloadthemindividuallyviathemainbrowserwindow.

Figure3.EditingacompoundobjectaboutNedKelly’sJerilderieLetter

NewresourcestobeaddedtotheresourcemaparediscoveredviatheWebBrowser(toppanel).ClickingontheOAI‐ORElogointhestatusbartogglestheeditor’svisibility,sothatthefullbrowserwindowcanbeusedforresourcediscovery,whilsttheresourcemapunderconstruc‐tionremainsaccessiblebuthiddenduringthebrowsingsession.LOREcanalsobetoggledshutorresizedviathesplitbarbetweenthemainbrowserandLORE.Aresourceloadedintothebrowsercanbeaddedtotheresourcemapviabrowsercontextmenusortheviathe‘AddNode’buttoninLORE’stoolbar.Thetoolbaralsoprovidesoptionstosaveordeletecompoundobjectsfromtherepositoryaswellasimportandexportfromlocalfiles.

MetadataabouttheOAI‐OREresourcemapandaggregatedresourcesisdisplayedandcanbeaddedtooreditedviathePropertiespanel.Thisisdisplayedtotheleftofthegraphicaleditor.Themetadatatermsthataresupportedinclude:OAI‐ORE,DCandDCMIMetadataTerms(DCMI,2008),selectedtermsfromFOAF(FOAF,2007),aswellasanydatatypepropertiesfromtheus‐er‐specifieddomainontology.

Relationshipscanbeassertedbetweenresourcesbydraggingbetweentheconnectionpointstocreateanarcbetweennodes.Thetypeoftherelationshipisindicatedbythelabelonthearc.

Newarcsarecreatedwiththetypedc:relationbydefault.Howevertherelationshiptypecanbechangedbyeditingthepropertiesofthearc(viathepropertiespanel)orbyselectingfromthearccontextmenu,whichispopulatedbytheobjectpropertiesfromthedomainontology,asshowninFigure4.LOREusesthetypeofthepropertyfromtheOWLontologytodeterminewhethertodisplaythepropertyasabidirectionalorunidirectionalproperty;ifitisasymmetricpropertyitisdisplayedwithanarrowonbothendsofthearc.

Figure4.Editingrelationshipsbetweenresources

Compoundobjectscanbediscoveredviaautomatedsearchestriggeredbybrowseractivity.Forexample,whentheusernavigatestoaURLintheWebBrowser,compoundobjectsthataggre‐gatetheresourceidentifiedbythatURLaredisplayedinthesearchresultsintheleft‐handpanel,alsoshowninFigure4.Theusercanloadcompoundobjectsfromthesearchresultsbydouble‐clickingonthem.Right‐clickingonacompoundobjectfromthelistofresultsdisplaysacontextmenuthatallowsuserstoperformotheractions,suchasaddingitasanestednodewithinan‐othercompoundobject.TheMapsofJerilderieandWorksaboutKellynodesshowninFigure3arebothexamplesofnestedcompoundobjects.Ascompoundobjectsareweb‐accessiblere‐sourcesidentifiedbyaURI,theyaretreatednodifferentlytoanyotherresourcefromtheper‐spectiveofOAI‐ORE.

LOREusesXSLTtogenerateavarietyofviewsofthecompoundobjectsdynamically.Figure5showstheExploreview,whichallowstheusertonavigatetherelationshipsbetweenthecurrentcompoundobjectanditsaggregatedresources.ThisviewisgeneratedbytransformingtheXMLresultsfromSPARQLqueriesontherepositorytoaJSONformatthatcanberenderedusingtheJavaScriptInformationVisualizationToolkit.Thisviewshowsallrelationshipsfromthereposi‐tory,includingthosebothinternalandexternaltothecurrentcompoundobject.Clickingoneachresourceinthisviewexpandsthegraphtoshowmorerelationships.TheExploreviewdoesnotdisplaypreviewsforeachresource,thusitprovidesamorecompactandfasterwaytodiscovercompoundobjects–asopposedtoloadingeachcompoundobjectintothegraphicaleditor.

Figure5.ExploringrelationshipsviatheExploreview

OthergeneratedviewsprovidedbyLOREinclude:anHTMLsummaryofthecurrentcompoundobject,andaslideshowthatdisplaysapreviewofeachresourcealongsidekeymetadatafieldssuchastitle,descriptionandrights.WehavealsocreatedbasicmappingstogenerateSMILmul‐timediapresentationsfrommixed‐mediacompoundobjects,usingtherelationshipsbetweenre‐sourcestodeterminewhereandwhentodisplaytherelatedinformationinthepresentation.Thisbuildsonpreviouswork(Little,2002)thatmapssemanticrelationshipstospatiotemporalrelationshipswithinpresentations.

6Discussion

UserfeedbackhasbeenacquiredthroughusertrialsinvolvingresearchersfromanumberoftheAustLitresearchcommunities,aswellasindependentacademicswhoareregularusersofAus‐tLit.Duringthesetrials,LOREwasusedtocreatecompoundobjectsrepresentingresearchtrails,tocapturepathwaysthroughsourcematerials,fortrackingthelineageofderivativeworks,andtorelatedisparateresourcesaroundacommonthemeforthepurposesofteaching.

Thefeaturesthattheresearchersrankedmosthighlyweretheinteractivenodepreviewsandthedirect integration of the editorwith the browser. Theywere also very enthusiastic about thegeneratedslideshowsandmultimediapresentations;howevertheywouldliketobeabletocus‐tomizetherulesusedtogeneratethevisualizations,andwouldalso liketobeabletogeneratemoreconventionalscholarlyanddocumentformats,suchasreferencelists.Ourtrialusersfoundaddingresourcestocompoundobjectstobeintuitive;howevertheyrequestedtheabilitytoaddresourcesinbatches,forexamplefromAustLitsearchresults,bookmarksorbrowserhistory.Whenusing theAustLitontologydirectly,users foundapplying theontology terms tobemorecomplexthanusingthesimplifiedrelationshipontology.However,thenumberofrelationshipsshowninthearccontextmenuforbothontologies isoverwhelmingformostusers.Presentingtherelationshipsinamenuthatusesthesub‐propertyhierarchyfromtheontologyratherthanas a flat list in alphabetical ordermay bemore intuitive. Alternatively, allowing users to typeahead,and tohave theUIonlyshowmatching termsmaybeeffective.Otherstrategies forad‐dressingthisissuecouldincludeaddingmoresemanticcheckstotheUItoassistusersinapply‐ing theontology terms,or tailoring thedomainontologiesbasedoncommunityneedsandun‐derstanding. Enabling discovery of additional ontologies via a metadata schema registry mayalsoassistindividualuserstolocateexistingontologiesthatbettersuittheirneeds.

Manyuserswereconcernedaboutcopyrightissues,astheyassumedthatwewerestoringcopiesoftheresourcesthatwereaddedtocompoundobjects.Theyrequestedmoreobviousattributionofthesourceofeachresourceinthepresentationformatsandtomakeitclearerthatweonlyre‐corda linktoanduser‐enteredmetadataforeachresource.Therequirementthatresourcestobeaddedtocompoundobjectsmustbeaccessibleonlinealsopresentedanissueduringthetri‐als.Toaddanewresource,usersmustfirstpublishit, forexamplebymanuallyuploadingittotheirinstitutionalrepository.Usershaverequestedthatthisprocessbemadesimpler,withtheability to upload new content directly fromwithin LORE. In addition, some objects that existwithininstitutionalrepositoriesonlyhavelocalidentifiers,andresourcesfoundonthewebthathaveURIsmaynothavepersistentURIs,whichwillresultinerrorswithresourcesfailingtoloadiftheyaremovedordeleted.WemayneedtoincorporateaservicetoassignpersistentURIstoobjectsthatdon’talreadyhavethem,andusearchivessuchastheInternetArchiveorPANDORA.

OREResourceMapsmayaggregateconceptsornon‐informationentities(asopposedtoinforma‐tionresources)providedtheyfollowtheprinciplesoflinkeddata,i.e.thattheyareaccessibleonthewebviadereferenceableURIs.WhenusingLOREtorelatethingslikeWorks,Agentsorotherabstract concepts from the AustLit thesaurus, the AustLit record and thesaurus pages can beconsideredtobeproxiesfortheunderlyingobjects.However,ExpressionsandManifestationsaredisplayedontheWebonlywithinthecontextofaWorkrecordpage,makingitdifficultforuserstoattachmetadataorrelationshipstothoseobjects.Also,becauseLOREusestheURIdisplayedinthebrowseraddressbar, it isalsopossibletoaggregateresourceswithessentiallythesamecontent via different URIs. Examples include the address of a work record with and without“www”atthestart,ortheURIofasearchthatreturnsthatworkasasingleresult.Thishasbeena sourceof confusion for someofourusersandmakesquerying the repository for relatedre‐sourcesmoredifficult.WearecurrentlyexperimentingwiththeuseofRDFaembeddedinAus‐tLitrecordsandsearchresultpagestoensurethatAustLitresourcesareidentifiedusingconsis‐tentURIs,andtomakeiteasierforouruserstoattachmetadataandrelationshipstoembeddedobjects.

7FutureWork

Tomakeiteasierforuserstoprovidenewcontenttoincludeincompoundobjects,weintendtoadduploadsupportviaSWORD(SWORD,2009)orbyusingtheFedoraAPIdirectly.WearealsoplanningtoprovidebettersupportforqueryingandexportingtoFedorausingtheRESTAPI,andare investigatingmappinga compoundobject toa singleFedoraobjectwithadata stream foreachcontainedresourceandtherelationshipsstoredintheRELS‐INTdatastream,ratherthanmultipleobjectswiththerelationshipsstoredinRELS‐EXT.

InadditiontoLORE,theAus‐e‐Litprojecthasdevelopedanin‐browserannotationclientforat‐tachingAnnotea‐compliant(W3C,2005)annotationstowebaccessibleresources.Thisannota‐tionclienthasbeenbundledintotheLOREFirefoxextension.Futureworkwillinvolvebetterin‐tegrationbetweenthesetoolstoenablethepublishingofScholarlyEditionsascompoundobjectsthatencapsulatedifferentversionsofatext,theannotationsonthetext,andscholarlycommen‐tary.AdditionalpresentationrulesneedtobedefinedthatwillenablesuchcompoundobjectstobeexportedtoTEIdocumentsthatusescholarlyeditingconventions.

Futureworkwillalsofocusonenablinguserstoattachcreativecommonsandotherlicensestotheircompoundobjects.Wealsoplantointegratearulesenginetoinferadditionalrelationshipsbetweenaggregatedresourcesandtoenhancetheeditor.Forexample,transitiveclosurescanbe

exploitedtoreconnectnodesthatareconnectedindirectly,ifanintermediatenodeisdeletedortodisablerelationshipsorpropertiesthatarenotapplicabletotheselectedresource.

8Conclusions

Inthispaper,wedescribeLORE,alight‐weighttoolforauthoring,editingandvisualizingOAI‐OREcompliantcompoundobjectsthatusetheIFLAFRBRmodeltorepresentbibliographicrela‐tionships.Responsetodatefromtheliteratureresearchcommunityindicatesthattheon‐goingdevelopmentandevaluationofLOREwillprovideanessentialcontributiontothecyber‐infrastructurerequirementsofAustralianliteraryscholarslocally,aswellasliteraryscholarsglobally.

AcknowledgementsAus‐e‐LitisfundedbyTheDepartmentofInnovation,Industry,ScienceandResearch(DIISR)throughtheNationaleResearchArchitectureTaskforce(NeAT),partoftheNationalCollabora‐tiveResearchInfrastructureStrategy(NCRIS).

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AppendixA:ObjectPropertiesfromtheLOREOntology

Domain Property RangeWork has_agent/is_agent_of

• has_author/is_author_of• has_editor/is_editor_of• has_illustrator/is_illustrator_of• has_owner/is_owner_of

o has_custodian/is_custodian_of• has_producer/is_producer_of• has_publisher/is_publisher_of• has_translator/is_translator_of

Agent

• Work has_annotation/is_annotation_on ResourceWork has_as_subject/is_subject_of Concept or

Object orPlaceorEvent

Work has_configuration/is_reconfiguration_of Work orExpression orManifestation

Thing has_constituents/is_aggregate_of ThingResource has_copy/is_copy_of ResourceWork has_criticism/is_criticism_of Work or

Expression orManifestation

WorkorExpressionorManifestation

has_derivation/is_derived_from• has_adaptation/is_adaptation_of

o has_dramatization/is_dramatization_ofo has_novelization/is_novelization_ofo has_screenplay/is_screenplay_of

• has_edition/is_edition_ofo has_abridged_edition/is_abridged_edition_ofo has_annotated_edition/is_annotated_edition_ofo has_expurgated_edition/is_expurgated_edition_ofo has_illustrated_edition/is_illustrated_edition_of

• has_imitation/is_imitation_ofo has_parody/is_parody_of

• has_performance/is_performance_of• has_representation/is_representation_of• has_revision/is_revisision_of• has_translation/is_translation_of• has_version/is_version_of

WorkorExpressionorManifestation

Thing has_description/is_description_of• has_metadata/is_metadata_for

Resource

Resource has_location/is_location_of PlaceWork has_part/is_part_of

• has_excerpt/is_excerpt_from• has_subset/is_subset_of

Work orExpression orManifestation

Agent has_participant/is_participant_in EventThing has_related_resource/is_related_resource_of

• has_audio/is_audio_of• has_image/is_image_of

Thing

• has_related_papers/papers_relating_to• has_transcript/is_transcript_of• has_video/is_video_of

Work has_reproduction/is_reproduction_of Work orExpession orManifestation

Work has_review/is_review_of Work orExpression orManifestation

Work has_sucessor/is_successor_of• has_sequel/is_sequel_of

Work orExpression orManifestation

Work orExpression orManifestation

has_summary/is_summary_of• has_abstract/is_abstract_of• has_digest/is_digest_of• has_table_of_contents/is_table_of_contents_of

Resource

Work orExpression orManifestation

has_supplement/is_supplement_of• has_appendix/is_appendix_of• has_glossary/is_glossary_of• has_index/is_index_of

Resource

WorkorAgent influences/is_influenced_by• references/is_referenced_by

WorkorAgent

Expression Is_embodied_in/is_embodiment_of ManifestationThing is_equivalent_to ThingItem is_exemplification_of/is_exemplified_by ManifestationAgent is_member_of AgentExpression is_realization_of/is_realized_through WorkAgent is_related_to

• collaborates_witho is_co_author_with

• is_family_member_of• is_mentor_of/is_mentored_by• is_acquaintance_of

Agent