Download - Automotive Safety Evaluation
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B.V. Shamsundara
Dy. General Manager,
SHL, ARAI, Pune
1
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A 19 yr old driver lost control of his BMW with 4 other young
passengers inside at over 110mph and took off over the central
reservation and collided full on with a land rover killing over 8
people in total including a 2yr old boy, witnesses described the
crash as being like a "bomb explosion".
The crash was so horrific that counseling was offered to
emergency workers and witnesses because the passengers of the
BMW where spread across the motorway.
Speed the main factor in this crash.
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A Bird Hit
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YEAR
ROAD ACCIDENTS
(IN THOUSANDS)
PERSONS
KILLED
(IN
THOUSANDS)
PERSONS
INJURED
(IN THOUSANDS)
2004
(Provisional)
429.8 92.5 464.6
2003 406.7 86.0 435.1
2002 407.5 84.7 408.7
2001 405.6 80.9 405.2
2000 391.4 78.9 399.3
1999 386.4 82.0 375.0
1998 385.0 79.9 390.7
1997 373.7 77.0 378.4
1996 371.2 74.6 369.5
1995 348.9 70.6 323.2
1994 320.4 64.0 311.5Sourced From:
Department of Road Transport and Highways.
Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways. Government of India.
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Buckling up is the single most effective thing
you can do to protect yourself in a crash.
In 2008, seat belts saved more than 13,000 lives nationwide.
From 2004 to 2008, seat belts saved over 75,000 lives enough people to fill a large sports arena. During a crash,
being buckled up helps keep you safe and secure inside your
vehicle, whereas being completely thrown out of a vehicle is
almost always deadly. Seat belts are the best defense against
impaired, aggressive, and distracted drivers.
Air bags are designed to work with seat belts, not
replace them.In fact, if you dont wear your seat belt, you could be thrown into a rapidly opening frontal air bag; a movement of such
force could injure or even kill you.
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How to buckle up safely:
Follow the guidelines shown in the photo
right. As you can see, the lap belt and
shoulder belt are secured across the pelvis
and rib cage, which are more able to
withstand crash forces than other parts of
your body.
Fit matters.
Before you buy a new car, check to see that
its seat belts are a good fit for you. Ask your
dealer about seat belt adjusters, which can
help you get the best fit. If you need a roomier
belt, contact your vehicle manufacturer to
obtain seat belt extenders. If you drive an
older or classic car with lap belts only, check
with your vehicle manufacturer about how to
retrofit your car with todays safer lap/shoulder belts.
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Passenger cars need to meet over 40 safety standards (whereas
LCVs are required to meet only 4 standards). These design and
performance standards include occupant protection during frontal,
side, and rear collisions.
As a result, mainstream cars are required to be designed far more
robustly than LCVs, and this reduces the risk of injury or death to
occupants. However, the level of risk depends on the severity of a
crash and the design and extent of protection offered by individual
models. The risk is therefore reduced but cannot be eliminated.
In rear impact collisions, the head restraints, seat back, seat belts,
and seat anchorages work together to protect the occupants.
In side impact collisions, if the vehicle is equipped with side curtain
air bags, this would reduce the risk of the occupant's head being
struck directly by an intruding vehicle.
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Crashworthiness
The ability of vehicle structure to absorb mechanical energy resulting
from collision with another object while maintaining integrity of
passenger compartment.
Crush
The amount of exterior deformation of car involved in a crash.
Intrusion
The reduction in an interior dimension due to door footwear or
bulkhead intrusion.
Biomechanics
The study of the mechanics of living things. It demands knowledge
both of Biology and of the various branches of Physics &
Engineering which comprise mechanics.
Terminology
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Crumple-Zone
The structural zone would sacrificially
collapse during frontal impact to help
protect the structural integrity of the
passenger compartment while limiting the
deceleration that the occupant would
experience.
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FMVSS Standards related to Crash TestingThe following Federal Motor Vehicle Standards are related to
safety testing.
Interior Testing
FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact
FMVSS 202 - Head Restraints
FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering
Control System
FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement
FMVSS 205 - Glazing Materials
FMVSS 207 - Seating Systems
FMVSS 213 - Child Restraint Systems
FMVSS 225 - Child Restraint Anchorage Systems
Dash Board
FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact
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Frontal Impact
FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering
Control System
FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement
FMVSS 205 - Glazing Materials
FMVSS 208 - Occupant Crash Protection
FMVSS 209 - Seat Belt Assemblies
FMVSS 210 - Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages
FMVSS 212 - Windshield Mounting
Side Impact
FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact
FMVSS 205 - Glazing Materials
FMVSS 206 - Door Locks and Door Retention Components
FMVSS 214 - Side Impact Protection
Steering Wheel
FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering
Control System
FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement
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Seats
FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact
FMVSS 207 - Seating Systems
Seat Belts
FMVSS 208 - Occupant Crash Protection
FMVSS 209 - Seat Belt Assemblies
FMVSS 210 - Seat Beld Assembly Anchorages
FMVSS 213 - Child Restraint Systems
Rear Impact
FMVSS 223 - Rear Impact Guards
FMVSS 224 - Rear Impact Protection
Rollover
FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact
FMVSS 208 - Occupant Crash Protection
FMVSS 216 - Roof Crush Resistance
Head Rests
FMVSS 202 - Head Restraints
Roof Crush
FMVSS 216 - Roof Crush Resistance.
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Interior Testing
ECE R-12
Reg. 12 - Rev.3 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING
THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE
PROTECTION OF THE DRIVER AGAINST THE STEERING
MECHANISM IN THE EVENT OF IMPACT
ECE R-16
Reg. 16 - Rev.5 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING
THE APPROVAL OF:
I. SAFETY-BELTS, RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, CHILD
RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND ISOFIX CHILD RESTRAINT
SYSTEMS FOR OCCUPANTS OF POWER-DRIVEN
VEHICLES
II. VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH SAFETY-BELTS,
RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS
AND ISOFIX CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS
EUROPEAN REGULATIONS / DIRECTIVES
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ECE R-17
Reg. 17 - Rev.4 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES
WITH REGARD TO THE SEATS, THEIR
ANCHORAGES AND ANY HEAD RESTRAINTS
ECE R-44
Reg. 44 - Rev.1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF RESTRAINING
DEVICES FOR CHILD OCCUPANTS OF POWER-
DRIVEN VEHICLES ("CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM")
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Dash BoardECE R-21
Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES
WITH REGARD TO THEIR INTERIOR FITTINGS
Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 2 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES
WITH REGARD TO THEIR INTERIOR FITTINGS
ECE R 32
Reg. 32 - Rev.1 Part 1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES
WITH REGARD TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE
STRUCTURE OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A
REAR-END COLLISION
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ECE R 33Reg. 33 - Rev.1 Part 1 - UNIFORM
PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD
TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRUCTURE
OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A HEAD-
ON COLLISION
Reg. 33 - Rev.1 Part 2 - UNIFORM
PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD
TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRUCTURE
OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A HEAD-
ON COLLISION
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Frontal ImpactECE R-12
Reg. 12 - Rev.3 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE
PROTECTION OF THE DRIVER AGAINST THE STEERING
MECHANISM IN THE EVENT OF IMPACT
ECE R-14
Reg. 14 - Rev.3 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITHREGARD TO SAFETY-BELT
ANCHORAGES
ECE R 94
Reg. 94 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE
PROTECTION OF THE OCCUPANTS IN THE EVENT OF A
FRONTAL COLLISION
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Side ImpactECE R 11
Reg. 11 - Rev.1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO DOOR
LATCHES AND DOOR RETENTION COMPONENTS
ECE R 95
Reg. 95 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE
PROTECTION OF THE OCCUPANTS IN THE EVENT OF A
LATERAL COLLISION
ECE R-44
Reg. 44 - Rev.1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF RESTRAINING DEVICES FOR CHILD
OCCUPANTS OF POWER-DRIVEN VEHICLES ("CHILD
RESTRAINT SYSTEM")
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ImpactECE R-42
Reg. 42 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR FRONT
AND REAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES (BUMPERS, ETC.)
Rollover
ECE R-21
Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING
THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR
INTERIOR FITTINGS
Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 2 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING
THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR
INTERIOR FITTINGS
Head Rests
ECE R-25
Reg. 25 - Rev.1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL OF HEAD RESTRAINTS (HEADRESTS), WHETHER
OR NOT INCORPORATED IN VEHICLE SEATS
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Sr.
No.Standard Description
Facilities available at
ARAI
1
AIS-005
(ECE R-
16)
Safety Belt Assemblies
2
AIS-015
(ECE R-
14 )
Safety Belt Anchorages
3
AIS-016
(ECE R-
17)
Seats, Their Anchorages and
Head Restraints
4
AIS-023
(ECE R-
80)
Seat their anchorages and
head restraints for passenger
vehicles of the categories
other than M1 and Goods
vehicles of category N
Standards Already Implemented
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Sr.
No.Standard Description
5
IS:11939
(ECE R-
12)
Evaluation of Steering Column
Displacement against Front
Collision
6
IS:15223
(ECE R-
21)
Interior Fittings
7IS: 12009 Side Door Strength for
Passenger Cars
8
IS:14812,
IS:14682
(ECE R-
58)
Rear and Lateral Under Run
Protection Devices
Standards Already Implemented
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Sr.
No.Standard Description Facilities available
1AIS-029
ECE R-29
Survival Space of the
occupants of
Commercial Vehicle
2AIS-031
ECE R-66
Strength of Super
Structure
3AIS-006
ECE R-42
Front and Rear
Bumpers
4ECE R-93
AIS-069
Front Under Run
Protection
Standards Already Implemented
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Crash Related Standards to be ImplementedSr.
No.Standard Description
1ECE R-94
AIS-098
Protection of occupant in the event of
frontal collision (Offset frontal)
2ECE R-95
AIS-099
Protection of occupant in the event of
Lateral Collision
3ECE R-32
AIS-096
Requirements of vehicle in head-on
collision
4ECE R-33
AIS-101
Rear End Collision
5ECE R-44
AIS-072
Child Restraint System
6EEVC WG17
AIS-100
Pedestrian Protection
7AIS-052
ECE R-107
Bus Body Code: Large Passenger Vehicles
General Construction
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Facility Overview
Bungee Sled Facility
Payload 650 kg.
Velocity 65 km/h
Max. G Level 40 g.
PU Tube Stopping Device with ECE Regulatory pulses
Sled Facility
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ECV system
Onboard Data Acquisition 80 channels from Kyser Threde, Germany
Full Frontal and Offset Frontal Barriers
Rear Impact and Side Impact Trolleys
Motion Analysis - 2-D and 3-D Motion Analysis Software
from SAI, USA
Photo-pit 4m X 3m X 2.5m (facility under installation)
Crash Test Facility
Facility Overview
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Hybrid III family of Dummies 3 numbers
Side Impact Dummies - One each of ES-I and ES-II
Child Dummies Planned under facility expansion
Comprehensive Dummy Calibration Facilities available
Crash Dummy Facilities
Facility Overview
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Photography and Lighting
Make Redlake, USA
Model 6 No. HG100K and 2
MotionPro
Resolution 1504 x 1128 Pixels @ 1000
FPS
Max Frame
rate
1,00,000 FPS
Lighting High Intensity Flicker Free
Lighting System
1.5 Lac Lux level
Facility Overview
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Facility Expansion Plans Electrical Drive with a capacity of 3500 kg mass with propelling velocity of 80 km/hr.
30 Barrier Tests and Pole Barrier Test facility
Decelerating Sled with a payload capacity of 1000 kg and 80 km/hr
velocity and maximum G level of 60.
9 additional High Speed Cameras and 2 mini-High Speed cameras
2 new FILM-PIT facilities of size 6m 3m 3m with lighting system
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Europe USA
Test v(km/h)
Test v(km/h)
1365 kg, 27
54
1100 kg
38
1500 kg
48,3-52
48,3-52
Europe USA
Test v(km/h)
Test v(km/h)
4 4
50 48.3-52
56 48.3-52
960 kg
50
1800 kg
32-35
Rear and rollover CrashFront and Side Crash
Feasibility of Tests with Expanded Facility