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Cheryl M. Bartlett, PhDCanada Research Chair in Integrative ScienceProfessor of Biology Sydney, Nova Scotia
Annual International Conference
Avian Filarioid Nematodes of the World
3-8 August 2008
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ABSTRACT: Filarioids are highly specialized nematode parasites whose adults live in the tissues and tissue spaces of birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Females produce microfilariae (MF) that enter the host’s blood or skin. Synoptic understandings about filarioids in birds, especially their diversity, distributions, and pathogenicity are now available for the first time with the completion of an extensive literature review. Such reveals about 160 described species and 16 valid genera. Only Pelecitus occurs in hosts other than just birds and, while considerable host survey work remains to be done, Pelecitusalso appears to be the most broadly distributed genus with reports from 17 avian orders. Chandlerella is known from 13 and Paronchocerca,Splendidofilaria and Cardiofilaria from 11. With notable exceptions, avian filarioids are not pathogenic, and most cases are associated with adult worms in the heart muscles or lumen, major blood vessels, or brain (e.g. some species of Sarconema, Paronchocerca, Chandlerella, and Splendidofilaria) or near joints in the legs and feet (e.g. species of Pelecitus). However, the majority of species whose adults live in these sites are not pathogenic. Moreover, a species pathogenic in an individual bird may not be pathogenic in other birds of the same species. And, worms pathogenic in one or more species of birds may not be pathogenic in other species. Pathogenicity is even more rarely reported in association with MF. The normally blood-borne MF of Splendidofilaria caperata become trapped and provoke chronic inflammation in tissues near adults in crows. Skin-inhabiting MF of Eulimdana clava might be a factor in feather loss in pigeons.
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based on Chapter 26
by C. Bartlett
2008
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
6 major topicsSYNOPSIS
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Life Cycle
Vectors
Host Distributions
Pathogens
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
based on Bartlett 2008,Chapter 26 in:
SYNOPSIS
Biodiversity
Sites in Bird Host
} editedby
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Avian Filarioid Nematodes
BiodiversityNematodaOrder SpiruridaSuperfamily Filarioidea
1
parasites of:birds,
mammals, reptiles,
amphibians
slender roundworm parasites
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Avian Filarioid Nematodes
Biodiversity
≈ 160 valid species (numerous synonyms)
16 recognized genera (31 synonyms)
worldwide
NematodaOrder SpiruridaSuperfamily Filarioidea
widespread common
1
easily overlooked
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Avian Filarioid Nematodes
NEVER: lumen of digestive or respiratory tracts or air sacs
Sites in Bird Host- adult worms
• diverse tissues & tissue spaces
• often very difficult to find
2a
easily overlooked
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Avian Filarioid Nematodes
microfilariae (MF)
Sites in Bird Host- adult worms
2a
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- microfilariae
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
• blood- “the rule” - species in
all genera
• skin - “little known”- some
species in2 genera
microfilariae (MF)
Sites in Bird Host2b
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Avian Filarioid Nematodes
microfilariae
Sites in Bird Host- microfilariae
diverse MF morphology from Bartlett 2008 in Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds
2b
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microfilariae (MF)enter blood or skin
microfilariaeingested byvector
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
Life Cycle
3
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microfilariae (MF)enter blood or skin
transmissionto bird
microfilariaeingested byvector
Avian Filarioid Nematodesdevelopment to infective stage
L3
3
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Avian Filarioid NematodesVectors
Lice
Black Flies
Biting Midges
Mosquitoes
19 Filarioids5 spp. in 3 genera
2 spp. in 1 genus
3 spp. in 3 genera
9 spp. in 3 genera
EulimdanaSarconemaPelecitus
Splendidofilaria
CardiofilariaPelecitusAproctella
ChandlerellaEufilariaSplendidofilaria
**
4
MF in skin
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Host Distributions
by bird order
Avian Filarioid Nematodes5a
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Host Distributions27
bird
ord
ers
by bird order
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16 parasite genera(adult parasites)
27 b
ird o
rder
s
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16 parasite genera(adult parasites)
27 b
ird o
rder
s
= reported
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16 parasite genera(adult parasites)
27 b
ird o
rder
sMF
= reported
3 orders ... no
reportsof
adultsorMF
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16 parasite genera(adult parasites)
27 b
ird o
rder
sMF
= reported
Rheiformes
Apterygiformes
Procellariiformes
3 orders ... no
reportsof
adultsorMF
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5 parasite generabroad host distribution
27 b
ird o
rder
s
= reported
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27 b
ird o
rder
s
Pelecitus
Chandlerella
Splendidofilaria
5 parasite generabroad host distribution17
13
11
Cardiofilaria11
Paronchocerca11
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27 b
ird o
rder
s
Pelecitus
5 parasite generabroad host distribution
UNIQUE: species in birds
AND other vertebrates(mammals)
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27 b
ird o
rder
s5 parasite genera
broad host distribution
Paronchocerca UNIQUE: each species (17)
specific to a bird family
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Host Distributions: by bird family*
adult worms------------------
72 of 159 bird families
adult worms+ MF
-----------------96 of 159
bird families
* families as perHoward & Moore 1984
= reported
5b
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• multiple infections (≥ 2 genera)- 4 genera especially relevant:Cardiofilaria, Chandlerella, Splendidofilaria, Eufilaria
• concurrent infections (≥ 2 spp. of same genus)- 2 genera especially relevant:Chandlerella, Splendidofilaria
re: same bird species OR individual bird
Host Distributions: by bird species 5c
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Pathogens
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
6
GENERAL: very rarely pathogenic
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Pathogens6
location & host identity important
GENERAL: very rarely pathogenic
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• heart• blood vessels
• brain
• joints
• skin
adult wormsmicrofilariaePathogens
6
location & host identity important
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Pathogens6
5 examples
BUT with each: NO clinical signs
or pathology innumerous bird
species
AND, for some,pathology NOT inevitable
in all individuals of same bird species
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Sarconema eurycerca- in myocardium (also endocardium)
• heart
6.1
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from: Kluge 1967, Bull. WDA: 3
Sarconema eurycerca- in myocardium (also endocardium)
Pathogen adult worms6.1
• heart
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Sarconema eurycerca- in myocardium
Pathogen adult worms
from: Chapter 26 in Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds
• myofiber separation; interstitial hemorrhage; mixed inflammatory infiltrate
• more advanced cases:necrosis and fibrosis
6.1
• heart
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Splendidofilaria caperata- wall of pulmonary artery
6.2
• pulmonary artery
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Pathogen adult wormsmicrofilariae
pub: Bartlett & Anderson 1981, JWD: 17
original
Splendidofilaria caperata- wall of pulmonary artery
6.2
• pulmonary artery
in American crows:• chronic inflammation• fibrosis
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Chandlerella quiscali- between cerebral hemispheres
• brain
6.3
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Chandlerella quiscali- between cerebral hemispheres
• brain
Pathogen
in farmed emus• clinical signs
adult worms6.3
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• joints
Pelecitus spp.- among tendons
6.4
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• joints
Pelecitus spp.- among tendons
Pathogens adult worms
NO clinical signs or pathology innumerous host
species
in red-necked grebes, rarely coots• chronic inflammation• fibrosis original
pub: Bartlett & Anderson 1989, CJZ: 67
in psittacids (esp. pets)• tenosynovitis• swollen feet
6.4
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Eulimdana clava
Pathogen
• neck
6.5
clinical sign(isolated report)• extensivefeather loss
in neck region
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Eulimdana clava
Pathogen
from: Guildal & Settnes 1968; Nord. Vet-Med: 20
adult worms
• neck
6.5
clinical sign(isolated report)• extensivefeather loss
in neck region
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Eulimdana clava
feat
her
louse vector
- microfilariae in skin*
Pathogen
clinical sign(isolated report)• extensivefeather loss
in neck region
*
original(actually = MF of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae)
from: Guildal & Settnes 1968; Nord. Vet-Med: 20
adult worms
• neck
microfilariaeadult worms
agent?
6.5
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Life Cycle
Vectors
Host Distributions
Pathogens
Avian Filarioid Nematodes
based on Bartlett 2008,Chapter 26 in:
SYNOPSIS
Biodiversity
Sites in Bird Host
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Thank You