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New TestamentBackground
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Augustus Caesar
• The first emperor of Rome (30 BCE-14 CE), brought peace to the Roman Empire, called the census of “the whole world”
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Tiberius • Stepson of Augustus and second emperor of Rome (14 CE- 37CE); • according to Luke 3, Jesus came to John for baptism in the fifteenth year of Tiberius’ reign. • For most of the gospel references he is called Caesar.
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Herod I• 63 BCE, Syria and Palestine absorbed into the
Roman Empire; after this date, Jewish rulers were merely puppets of Rome
• 40 BCE Roman Senate appoints Herod I king of Judea;
• he adopted a form of Judaism, but he was mostly unpopular with Jews;
• he reigned 37- 4 BCE,
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Herodian Rulers• extended the
boundaries of the kingdom almost to that of King David;
• it included Samaria and Galilee and territories east of the Jordan River
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Amphitheatre at Caesarea
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Caesarea Maritima
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Renovating the Temple in Jerusalem 20 BCE to 62 CE
• Herod’s most famous building project, one of the most magnificent sanctuaries in the ancient world;
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Jerusalem Temple where Jesus worshipped
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Herod I died in 4 BCE
• Successors• Philip (4 BCE-34 CE), tetrarch of areas north and east of
Sea of Galilee
• Herod Antipas (4BCE-39 CE), territories of Galilee and Perea (a region east of the Jordan); This Herod beheaded John the Baptist; and whom Jesus called ‘that fox’ Luke 13: 31
• Herod Archelaus, (4 BCE- 6CE); southwest, and Judea, Samaria, Idumea; removed for incompetence; replaced with a series of procurators, Pontius Pilate (26-36 CE)
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Other Herods of the New Testament• Herod Agrippa I, according to ACTS 12, beheaded
James; • Herod Agrippa II examined Paul when he was
imprisoned at Caesarea Maritima
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Sepphoris• The “jewel of the
Galilee.” It was one of the capital cities of the Galilee and the first capital of Herod's son, the independent Jewish client king of Rome
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Flavius Josephus 37-100 CE• First century Jewish
historian• Provides important
material on first-century Judaism and the early Christian period
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Fractured JudaismPharisees
Academy of JamniaSadduceesSamaritans
EssenesZealots
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Pharisees
• Leading religious group in Judaism 200 BCE- 200 CE
• Name derives from a word meaning “separatists”, referring to strict observances which separate it from common life
• Views on resurrection and the afterlife anticipate Christian teaching
• Although sometimes criticized by Jesus, the Pharisees are sometimes his friends
• Paul was a Pharisee
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Academy of Jamnia• A meeting of prominent rabbis and Pharisees that
met at Jamnia in about 90 CE• Ushered in a new stage in Judaism• Enabled Judaism to survive without the Temple,
priesthood, or homeland• Ancient scripture, “I require mercy, not sacrifice,”
Hos 6:6
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Sadducees
• Ultraconservative Jewish sect 100 BCE- 100 CE
• Wealthy and land-owning• Recognized only the
Torah, not the Prophets or Writings
• Controlled the Temple and priesthood
• Colluded with Rome, making them unpopular with other Jews
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Samaritans• Inhabitants of the
territory of Samaria• One-time capital of the
northern kingdoms• The orthodox Jews
believed Samaritans were descended from Jews who had intermarried with foreigners, making them unacceptable
• Jesus attempted to ease judgment of Samaritans
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Zealots• Nationalistic party of first
century Judaism• Dedicated to ridding Judaism
from foreign domination• Militaristic and fanatically
patriotic• Resulted in unsuccessful
rebellion against Rome where the Temple was destroyed (66-73 CE)
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Essenes• An ascetic sect of first
century Judaism• Apocalyptic convictions
(thought the end of the world would come soon)
• Rituals like baptism and sharing bread and wine
• Associated with Qumran community which produced the Dead Sea Scrolls