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BAIT and SWITCH: Novel Systems
for IPM in High Tunnels
Margaret Skinner
Cheryl Frank
Bruce L. Parker
Univ. of Vermont
Entomology Research Laboratory
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UVM Entomology Research Lab
Team of 5 senior scientists and several technicians
Addressing growers’ practical pest problems
Primary Areas of Effort:
Insect Pests of Greenhouse Ornamentals
Western Flower Thrips
Insect-Killing Fungi:
Beauveria bassiana
Metarhizium anisopliae
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Why Western Flower Thrips?
#1 Insect Pest of Greenhouse Ornamentals
• Populations increase quickly
• Hard to detect
• Wide host range
• Transmit viruses
• Pesticide Resistant
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What are Insect-Killing Fungi?
• Fungi that infect insects, NOT plants
• Several fungal products available
Botanigard: Beauveria bassiana
No Fly wp: Paecilomyces fumoseroseus
Met52: Metarhizium anisopliae
Mycotol: Lecanicillium lecanii
Note: Trichoderma is a fungus that suppresses plant pathogens, NOT insects.
Milky spore disease (Bacillus popillae) is a bacteria, Not a fungus.
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Why Insect-Killing Fungi?
• Low cost of mass-production
• Potential to persist
• Naturally occurring
• Low impact on the environment and
human health
• No need for ingestion
• Compatible with parasites, predators & pesticides
• Easy to apply
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• Indicator plants
• Trap plants
• Banker plants
• Guardian plants
BAIT & SWITCH Tactics for IPM
Use of non-crop plants to fool the pest for detecting or
managing pests
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Indicator Plants Attract pests for quick & easy detection
What kind of plant works? Highly attractive to pest/s
Easy & cheap to grow to flowering stage
Not susceptible to other pests??
Not a virus carrier??
What do you do? Grow the plants
Position them in crop
Check them regularly for pests
Remove them when too infested
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What do you do? • Grow plants and position in/around crop
• Check regularly for pests
• Remove from crop or treat to kill pest
Trap Plants Attract pest away from crop
What kind of plant works? High attractiveness to pest
Easy & cheap to grow
Not susceptible to other pests
Not a carrier of virus
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Trap Plants 2012 results with Hero yellow marigolds in
greenhouse-grown bedding plants
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Examples of
Indicator/Trap Plants
Setting/crop Plant type Target Pest
Greenhouse ornamentals
Yellow/white mums, gerbera daisy, verbena, ornamental pepper, sunflower
Thrips
" Petunia (Calypso, Summer madness, Super blue magic, Red cloud, fava bean)
INSV/TSWV
" Tomato, eggplant, beans Whitefly
Spider mite
Field crops Collars Diamond back moth
" Hubbard squash Cucumber beetles
" Radishes Striped cucumber
beetle & spider mite
" Cherry pepper Pepper weevil
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Banker Plants Support reproduction of a natural enemy
What do you do? • Grow plant and infest with non-pest species
• Release natural enemy and allow to multiply
• Check regularly for pests and hyperparasites, etc.
Why bother? • Low cost source of natural enemies
• Sustained source of natural enemies
• Higher quality natural enemies
Increased temp. range, searching ability, effectiveness, survivorship, health, sex ratios
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Examples of Banker Plants
Setting/crop Banker Plant Type
Biocontrol Agent Target Pest
Greenhouse ornamentals
Marigolds N. cucumeris predatory mite
Insect-killing fungus Thrips
" Wheat/Oat grass Aphidius parasite Green peach & melon aphid
" Alyssum, verbena
marigolds Orius predator Thrips
Poinsettia Papaya Encarsia & Eretmocerus
parasites Whitefly
Field grown peppers
Sunflower Orius predator Thrips
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Guardian/Habitat Plants Attracts pest, supports natural enemy
reproduction & manages pest
What do you do? • Grow plant attractive to pest and distribute
around crop
• Release biocontrols on plant to multiply for managing pest on plant and dispersing into crop
• Check regularly for pests and biocontrols
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Thrips Life Cycle
Know the life cycle of your pest to manage it!
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Marigold Guardian Plants Attracts pest, supports biocontrols & manages pest
Marigold attracts
WFT from crop
Fungus applied to soil to
infect pupating WFT
Predatory mites released
on flowers to reproduce
and feed on WFT larvae
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Marigold Habitat Plants 2012 results in greenhouse-grown bedding plants
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Aphid Banker Plants Mini parasite rearing system for aphid IPM
What do you do? • Grow cereal grass and infest with bird-cherry
oat aphid (a non-pest species)
• Release natural enemy and allow to multiply
• Distribute plants around greenhouse
• Check regularly for pests and hyperparasites
Why bother? • Low cost source of parasites
• Available parasites when needed
• Higher quality parasites
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Aphid Banker Plants Mini parasite rearing system for aphid IPM
What else to Do and NOT Do?
• Don’t use if you grow other monocots: corn,
Easter lilies, ornamental grasses, onions, garlic
• Water them regularly
• Replace them with fresh pots of aphids
• Remove them at the end of the season or if you see hyperparasites
• Don’t expect them to work for all aphid species, they work best for green peach & cotton/melon aphid.
NOT for POTATO or FOXGLOVE Aphid
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Aphid Banker Plant How do you do it?
Get the materials:
•Hair nets/cages
•Plant pots and soil
•Seeds of wheat/oats/barley
•Order Bird cherry oat aphid starter colony (BCOA) for 3-4 wk starting Wk 2
•Identify place to produce banker plants (~70-75°F)
Start 6 weeks before opening the greenhouse
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 1
When BCOA kit comes:
• Fill 4 pots with soil and water (Wk 1 pots)
• Scatter grain on soil
• Plant one BCOA cube per pot
• Cover with hairnet QUICK
• Check on order for 500 Aphidius colemani parasites (Ac) for Wk 2.
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 2
• Fill 4 pots with soil & water (Wk 2 pots)
• Scatter grain on soil
• Trim grass blades from Wk 1 pots with BCOA and place on seeds
• Cover pots with net Quick
• Release parasites into Wk 1 pots if there’s enough BCOA (after transferring BCOA). Cover with net.
• Check on next week’s order for Ac parasites
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 3
• Fill 4 pots with soil and water (Wk 3 pots)
• Scatter seed on soil
• Clip grass with BCOA from Wk 2 pots on seed and cover with net
• Place ~100 Ac parasites into Wk 2 pots and cover with net
REMEMBER: Don’t add parasites to banker plants until BCOA population is well established
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 4
• Set up Wk 4 pots as before
• Clip grass infested with BCOA from Wk 3 pots and cover with net
• Check Wk 1 pots (with Ac parasites) for mummies
• Move Wk 1 pots to greenhouse and remove net
• Release Ac parasites on Wk 3 pots
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 5
• Set up Wk 5 pots as before
• Clip grass infested with BCOA from Wk 4 pots and cover with net
• Check Wk 2 pots (with Ac parasites) for mummies
• Move Wk 2 pots to greenhouse and remove net
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Aphid Banker Plant Week 6
• Set up Wk 6 pots as before
• Clip grass infested with BCOA from Wk 5 pots and cover with net
• Check Wk 3 pots (with Ac parasites) for mummies
• Move Wk 3 pots to greenhouse and remove net
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Aphid Banker Plant Future weeks
• Continue to set up pots as before
• Clip grass from last weeks pots and cover with net
• Move to greenhouse beside a pot with Ac when BCOA colony is established
• Place old pots under bench to let Ac emerge.
• Check plants for hyperparasites
• Destroy plants at the end of the season
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Thank You!
Thanks!
• USDA Agricultural Research Service
• USDA Extension IPM
• VT Extension System
• USDA Hatch Program
• American Floral Endowment