IEEE PES 2014
Balancing and Reserve Power by PV Plants
Ken Christensen MSEE, BSEE Global Product Manager, SMA Utility-Scale and Hybrid Solutions
Disclaimer
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IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE
This presentation does not constitute or form part of, and should not be construed as, an offer or invitation to subscribe for, underwrite or otherwise acquire, any securities of SMA Solar Technology AG (the "Company") or any present or future subsidiary of the Company (together with the Company, the "SMA Group") nor should it or any part of it form the basis of, or be relied upon in connection with, any contract to purchase or subscribe for any securities in the Company or any member of the SMA Group or commitment whatsoever. All information contained herein has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, we do not guarantee its accuracy or completeness and nothing herein shall be construed to be a representation of such guarantee. The information contained in this presentation is subject to amendment, revision and updating. Certain statements contained in this forward-looking statements presentation may be statements of future expectations and other forward that are based on the management's current views and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results, performance or events may differ materially from those in such statements as a result of, among others, factors, changing business or other market conditions and the prospects for growth anticipated by the management of the Company. These and other factors could adversely affect the outcome and financial effects of the plans and events described herein. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date of this presentation. This presentation is for information purposes only and may not be further distributed or passed on to any party which is not the addressee of this presentation. No part of this presentation must be copied, reproduced or cited by the addressees hereof other than for the purpose for which it has been provided to the addressee. This document is not an offer of securities for sale in the United States of America. Securities may not be offered or sold in the United States of America absent registration or an exemption from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 as amended.
Progression of PV Grid Integration Residential / Small Commercial
• On and Off the grid
• “Environmentally Conscious”
Commercial / Utility
• Allowed on the grid (UL1741, IEEE 1547, BDEW, etc.)
• Restricts Inverter Capabilities
• “Good Citizen”
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Utility Scale (10 MW to 750 MW+) installations
• EPRI, PREPA, HECO, CAISO, IEEE 519, etc.
• Intelligent, “Instantaneous” PV power controls
• Voltage regulation
• Frequency regulation
• Disturbance response
• Dispatchable power
• Storage / Hybrid Systems
• PV has become a “Utility Cornerstone”
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
WW Utility-Scale Inverter Market Size
Elements for Advanced Grid Interaction
Utility-Enabled Inverters
• Remotely controllable parameters
• VAR production technology
• Sub-cycle control capabilities
High Speed Communication Network
• > 1 ms propagation / processing delays
Intelligent Power Control – Utility Cornerstone
• Fast Response Control Network and Inverters
• Advanced grid integration features
• Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Assistance
• Coordinated inverter and storage controls
• Balancing distributed generation (DG) assets
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LVRT
SMA LVRT
UL 1741
PV Grid Management Functions
Remote On/Off
Active Power (P) Set point (kW)
Reactive Power (Q) Set point (kVAR)
Reactive Power Fixed Power Factor: Cos(φ)
Q-On-Demand
Reconnect Delay Control
Reconnect Ramp Rate Control
Ride-Through (LVRT, HVRT, ZVRT)
Setpoint Slew-Rate Control
Scheduled Commands / ”Supermodes”
Autonomous Frequency/Watt Control
Closed-loop Watt / VAR Control
Closed-loop Volt / VAR Control
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Grid Stabilization – VAR Support
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Grid Stabilization - Frequency Support
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Intelligent Control Produces More Value
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Power Ramp Rate Control
UL 1741 “Must Trip”
“Must Trip”
Utility Inverter
Envelope “Must Stay Connected”
“Must Stay Connected”
BDEW Global Curves
Voltage Ride-Through
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“Must Trip”
“Must Trip”
“Stay Connected”
Voltage Ride-
Through + Island
Detection
> Higher DC/AC ratios
> Operation to Voc
> Curtailment to 0kW
> Increased Energy
> Time-of-Day (TOD) Optimization
> Eliminate DC Curtailment
100%
160%
140%
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Increased Energy Production
Reduced System CAPEX
Expanded Energy Harvest
Time of Day
Ener
gy
Higher DC/AC Ratio
Clipping
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Grid Optimized PV Hybrid Systems
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Why Energy Storage?
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Challenges Benefits of storage solutions
The growing installed base of fluctuating renewable energy sources requires Flexible grid integration/ancillary grid services
Management of back-up power capacities
Alignment of power consumption and
production
Security of power supply and grid quality
PV plants become “dispatchable”
Capacity of backup power-plants can be reduced while still securing supply security Expensive roll-out of transmission grid can be reduced while still securing power quality Distribution grids are stabilized and relieved from heavy energy shifting Energy self-consumption on-site can significantly be increased
1 Storage in All Parts of the Grid
Storage for Grid Integration and Ancillary Services
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Ramp rate control (upward and
downward ramp per grid regulations) Peak Shaving and
ToD shifting capabilities
3 Sunny Central Storage
Battery Charge & Discharge and
Active and Reactive power on demand
Active power management
(setpoints, P(f),…)
Renewable Firming
8 Storage/Inverters enables: • Advanced grid interconnection features • Compliance to interconnection requirements • Safeguards power quality standards
Reactive power supply / on demand
(Q(U),fix cos φ, Q setpoints, Q at Night)
Fault ride trough capabilities
(LVRT, HVRT, ZVRT)
Four quadrant operation
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Energy Storage - Applications
230 kV/
69 kV
230 kV/
69 kV
230 kV/
69 kV
Transmission Grid
500 kV / 230 kV
69 kV
Distrib. Grid
69 kV / 4 kV
13 kV
Distrib. Grid
13 kV
69 kV
69 kV
Distrib. Grid
69 kV
Conventional
Power Plants
34 kV
Large
Commercial Loads
Renewable
Integration
Ramp Rate Control
Reactive Power
Low Voltage or Fault Ride Through
Active Power Management
Various
Residential
&
Commercial
Loads
Renewable
Power Plants
Low Voltage
Grids
Peak Shaving & Shifting
Zero Export
Utility
Applications
Ancillary Services: Frequency Response
(*) Load Balancing, Capacity Firming, Ramp Rate Control, Power Factor Control, Spinning Reserve, Congestion Relief, Cap EX / Upgrade Deferrals
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Energy SMRT Site - Tucson, AZ
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350kW
140kWh
li-Ion
battery
1.6 MW
DC
1.5 MW
AC
500kW
Bi-directional
(1) 500kW Bi-directional
SMA Sunny Central Inverter
Energy SMRT - Frequency Response Results
350kW - Power
140kWh - Energy
li-Ion battery - - - 1.6 MW DC - - -
8 Conclusion: 150kWh of storage can provide the same amount of ancillary services as a 10MW generator !
TEP frequency bias (+/-) published by WECC can be scaled to a 10MW generator, operating at 9MW +/- 500kW for continuous load balancing
Ancillary Services Frequency Response
(3) 500kW
SMA Sunny Central Inverters
(1) 500kW
bi-directional
Sunny Central Inverter
350kW - Power
140kWh - Energy
li-Ion battery
10MW Power Plant
9 MW typical operation with +/- 500 kW load balancing
8 Ancillary service market has arrived Grid Stability (*) & Arbitrage (**) applications just need a financial mechanism
(*) Load Balancing, Capacity Firming, Ramp Rate Control, Power Factor Control, Spinning Reserve, Congestion Relief, Cap EX / Upgrade Deferrals
(**) Peak Shaving, Shifting, TOU Charge / Discharge
Ancillary Services Frequency Response
Tesla battery @ 85kWh each X2 = 170kWh of storage
Energy SMRT - Frequency Response Results
PV Market with Energy Storage is Growing
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IHS Research:
• 6 GW Storage in 2017
Navigant Consulting:
• 21.8 GW needed in the next 10 years for the renewables integration
PV + Storage = Utility Cornerstone
THANK YOU!