Download - Based upon:
![Page 1: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Based upon:
Kelly, Kevin. 1989. Simple words about the new science of complexity: A talk with George Cowan. Whole Earth Review 63 (Summer 1989): 94-97.
![Page 2: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WAYS OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD
• Humans tend to perceive things either holistically (as irreducible wholes) or reductionistically (as collections of simpler components)
• Both views have their merits• However, we must also consider the
INTERACTIONS between the components
SYSTEMS THEORY
![Page 3: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SYSTEMS
• ‘systēma’ (Gr.) – “organised whole”• a set of interacting or interdependent
components forming an integrated whole
• many types and scales of systems, from subatomic particle interactions in matter, through metabolic systems in cells, up to star systems in the universe
![Page 4: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SYSTEMS
• Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972)
• was frustrated by reductionist thinking
• sought a unifying theory that would cover philosophy, psychology, physics, and chemistry
![Page 5: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
General Systems Theory
• one general organising theory to unite many different areas
• central tenet: all systems, however different, have similar underlying organising principles
• General Systems Theory extends from very simple nonliving systems (e.g., thermostats) to complex living systems (e.g., organisms, societies, institutions & cultures)
![Page 6: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SYSTEMS
open systems:• exchange matter and energy with
their surroundings-> most systems are open (living organisms, heat engines, etc.)closed systems: • exchange energy, but not matter, with
their surroundings (e.g., computer programs, planet Earth)
![Page 7: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ALL SYSTEMS HAVE…
Structure: components that are directly or indirectly related to each other
Behavior: processes that transform inputs into outputs (material, energy or data);
![Page 8: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ALL SYSTEMS HAVE…
Interconnectivity: their parts and processes are connected by structural and /or behavioral relationships
Boundaries: natural or defined limits which determine which parts are inside the system and which parts are outside
![Page 9: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A PROBLEM ARISES!
![Page 10: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mid-1980s Desktop PC1977 Apple II Desktop
![Page 13: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• ATTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF THEIR
SUBSYSTEMS, SHOWING HOW THE PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSYSTEMS ARISE
FROM THE INTERACTION OF THE SUBSYSTEM “PARTS”
![Page 15: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
“EMERGENT PHENOMENA”
“EMERGENT PROPERTIES”
![Page 16: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
e.g.,• Interaction of wind with the surface of
the ocean results in WAVES • interaction of lunar gravity with the
surface of the ocean results in TIDES
![Page 17: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Interaction of water with the surface of the sand results in RIPPLES
![Page 18: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Interaction of win with the surface of the sand results in DUNES and RIPPLES
![Page 19: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Computer simulation:
THE FORMATION OF SAND RIPPLES BYWATER WAVES IN A UNIFORM CURRENT The model contains: • topography• grain size distribution• grain volume• compaction• acoustic impedance
Unpublished mathematical model, 2005Dr. Peter Staelens (Brugge, Belgium)www: www.dotocean.eucontact: [email protected]
![Page 20: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
AN EARLY EXAMPLE (1990s) FORETELLING CURRENT SYSTEMS:
![Page 24: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Example: Seattle Traffic Flow Map
• http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/traffic/seattle
![Page 25: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
IMPLICATIONS:
![Page 31: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Metastable ecosystem:Freshwater marsh (e.g., Cataraqui Marsh near Kingston, ON)
• Appears very stable and unchanging• Little evidence of growth or renewal
except for seasonal change from summer green to winter brown
• Actually one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet ->
• Rapid cycles of growth, senescence, decomposition -> high energy flowsand quick cycling of materials
![Page 32: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wetlandnutrientcycling
and storage(yellow box)
Wetlandecosystem
components(boxes)
Wetlandecosystemprocesses(arrows)
From Hossleret al. 2011
![Page 33: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
:
E.g. Audio feedback –
Microphone picks up sound ->Amplifier makes it louder ->Speaker broadcasts it ->
Microphone picks up sound -> Amplifier makes it louder -> Speaker broadcasts it -> Microphone picks up sound -> Amplifier makes it louder -> Speaker broadcasts it ->
SHRIEK!!!SHRIEK!!!SHRIEK!!!SHRIEK!!!
![Page 34: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
E.g. Positive feedback in a natural system: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and climate change
![Page 35: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
UNCHECKED POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS
MAY TEND TO
DESTROY
THE SYSTEM THATTHEY ARE A PART OF
![Page 36: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• The heater kicks on, heating up a room• Heat, the output of the heater, serves as input to the thermostat.• At a certain critical temperature,
the thermostat tells the heater that the room is warm enough.
• The heater, receiving this feedback through an electrical connection, shuts itself off.
• After a while, the thermostat notices that the room has cooled to a specific temperature, and notifies the heater.
• The heater kicks on again.• The information traveling from the heater to the thermostat and back again
is a negative feedback loop.
:
Thermostat Heater
E.g. HEATER AND THERMOSTAT
![Page 37: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
E.g. Negative feedback in a natural system: Cycles in lynx and hare populations
![Page 38: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS
MAY TEND TO
STABILIZE
THE SYSTEM THATTHEY ARE A PART OF
![Page 39: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE
FEEDBACK LOOPS IN A SYSTEMCAN RESULT IN
DYNAMIC EQULIBRIUM
![Page 40: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Based upon:](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813eed550346895da964f3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)