Download - Basic
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Ms. Meden F. FadriquelaSchool Paper Adviser
New Era University- High School DepartmentNo. 9, Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City
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News is difficult to define because it has many
variables.
News must be factual, yet not all facts are news.
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News is primarily about people,
what they say and do.
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A report of any event or situation. A record of the most interesting, important and accurate information obtained about the things man think and says, sees and describes, plans and does.
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“It is anything published in a newspaper which interests a large number of people”
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News is “any event, idea or opinion that is timely, that interests or affects a large number of persons in a community, and that is capable of being understood by them.”
- Dean M. Lyle Spencer
Former Dean, School of Journalism
Syracuse University
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According to Carl Warren, Former Radio News Editor of New York Times, “ all news is intended to interest, inform or entertain somebody somewhere – large sections of the public.
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If something is happening NOW, it is more newsworthy than if it happened yesterday or last week or two weeks ago. Oftentimes the most newsworthy element in the story is the most recent happening, the latest thing in
a series of happenings.
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The news story must immediately tell the
impact of the event.
b. The value of the news depends upon the
newness of the happening.
c. It concerns not only of the recency
(time of occurrence) but also primacy
(you gasp with surprise when you first
hear or see it is news to you, regardless
of age)
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How close to your readers is this event taking place? All other things being equal, something that is happening in or near their location is much more meaningful to them than something taking place across town or across the world.
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Interests of the readers primarily depends upon the closeness of their own personal affairs.
Closeness not only place but interest.
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Is a well-known person part of the story? Readers like to read about people they know. If a person is well-known, more readers will be interested than if a person who is mentioned is not known.
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A good example is the newsworthiness of the classic remark made by Charles A. Dana,in 1882: “When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a manbites a dog that is news.”
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How will this event impact your readers? How important is it? Something that is more important will be more newsworthy than something that is of little importance, all other things being equal.
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Is there a conflict between persons in the story? A rivalry? A misunderstanding? People are naturally drawn to conflict and find it fascinating.
This element is essential in catching the attention of the readers like the intense conflicts of the different political groups in the Philippines.
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Anything that appeals to the reader’s emotions…makes him laugh, cry, get angry, feel sympathy, etc….has the potential for human interest.
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Another factor in stimulating the appeal and interest of the readers. The continuing suspense of day-to-day news events will always attract the attention of the reading public.
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News story that is appealing to the readers, irrespective of its point of origin, such as local, community, national and international.
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In order to avoid boredom on the part of the readers, it is important that the news writer must “pounce with delight upon news that usually titillates their bump
of credulity or make them smile” once in a while.
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Suggest the breadth and extension of the news.
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It adds color and vitality to the story.
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• Mystery, suspense,
comedy, the unusual, the
bizarre are chief elements
of drama
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It is present in stories of romance, marriage, divorce and other
relationships.
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Involves any significant change for the betterment of mankind.
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How will a particular event affect the readers? Similar to consequence but stronger and more personal.
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Special Types of News StoriesA. According to style of presentation
1. Straight News- the data are presented
in direct fashion using the summary lead.
2. News Features – the data are presented
indirectly through the use of novelty lead.
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B. According to place of occurrence
1. Local News – the event that happens
within the locality of the reader.
2. Foreign News – the events takes place
outside the country.
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C. According to content
1. Science and Technology News
2. Developmental Communication
3. Sports News
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D. According to sources
1. Action Story – the reporter himself is an
eyewitness of the event that happened.
2. Based on the record news
The information are gathered from the
records like the police stations, hospitals
and other agencies.
3. Based on interview -
Interviewing the persons
who know the event.
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E. According to page makeup
1. Single incident story – one event only.
2. Composite Feature – more than one
event that happened at the same time.
3. News Brief– news item usually not
more than two paragraphs.
4. Bulletin – important last minute news of
a running story printed on the front page
in boldfaced type and maybe boxed.
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5. Flash
It presents only the basic facts of a fresh story that comes in too late to be printed in full news item.
6. Side bar story
Brief news item on some
lighter aspects of an event
placed side by side to a
related significant news.
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F. According to the sequence of occurrence
1. Advance News A report of expected event2. Spot News A report of event which the writer has actually witnessed.3. Coverage –based on given assignment or beat like news gathered from hospitals police stations, and other agencies.4. Follow-up News – recent development of reported event.
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THE LEAD In writing the story, we are interested to
know the LEAD which is the introductory sentence of the news story.
Classification of Leads ♦ According to purpose:
1. Conventional or Summary lead
2. Unconventional, unorthodox
or novelty lead
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♦ According to construction, leads maybe classified into 3 groups:
1. Who-What-When-Where-Why-How leads This is the oldest type known to
journalists and has come to be known as the 5W’s and an H
I have six honest serving men
(They taught me all I know) Their names are What and Why and When and How and Where and Who
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The Who lead Names make news,
especially prominent ones. It maybe one person, several persons, or an organization. However, the lead should avoid featuring more than 3 personal names.
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The What lead (or event feature)
Most straight news leads play up what the story is all about.
A struggle to protect or increase
respective numbers of congressmen on opposing sides of the impeachment fence began yesterday at the House of
Representatives.
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The Why lead
To further streamline emergency hotline
services and strengthen anti crime efforts,
the Philippine National Police conferred
with respondents of emergency hotline
‘117’ in a top-level meeting at the Crown Plaza Galleria.
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The How lead – often used for unusual happenings and action stories.
Staging a 48-hour walkout beginning
today, nearly 100 South Korean
journalists at a government controlled
television station demanded that the
government stop dictating how they
cover the news.
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The When leadIt is used when an event takes place at
unconventional hour, or in making an
announcement where the time is
important to the reader.
Tomorrow, May 15, is the
last day for filing individual
tax returns.
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The Where lead
Convalescent homes in Solano have
been the sites for beauty contests to
choose representatives to
the 7th Annual My Fair
Lady Pageant, where
Contestants are
mostly in their
70s and 80s.
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Characteristics of a Good Lead1.Includes only 5Ws and the H which are
important.
A small contingent of US developmental gymnasts traveled to the Soviet Union last June to take a closer look at Soviet gymnasts.
What: travel
Who: US developmental gymnasts
Where: Soviet Union
When: June
Why: to take a closer look
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2. Starts with the feature of the story, which may either be the most important or most interesting fact or both.
3. It must be short- usually 25-35 words if it is one paragraph.
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4. Begins with specific, interest arousing words.
5. Avoid when possible, beginning with such words and phrases as a, an, the, at a meeting, yesterday, last night, days of the week, according to, it is, there is, etc.
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6. Suggests the source of the news when necessary.
♦ in stories which foretell something not
generally known.
♦ about future events in order to protect
the paper if the event does not occur.
♦ in stories about important events that
the reporter failed to attend.
♦ to attribute an opinion,
thereby avoid editorializing.
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7. Avoid overloading the first sentence of
the lead.
8. Is written colorfully when possible.
9. Avoid citing the news source in stories which readers would expect to be eye witness accounts or in
stories in which citing
the source would be
unnecessary.
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How to write a Summary Lead1.First study carefully the notes that you took for the story, selecting the 5Ws and H. It is best for beginners to list the 5Ws and H on a sheet of paper, and opposite each, write the appropriate act.2. Choose the feature on the basis of news values and your readers – what will interest them.
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3. Arrange the remaining 5Ws and H, in
the order of decreasing importance.
4. Determine the best way to start the
lead sentence.
5. Keep in mind all the other
characteristics of a good
summary lead.
6. Test your lead.
7. Rewrite the lead if
you can improve it.
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The Unconventional or NOVELTY lead
♦ It uses any device that will attract attention, arouse curiosity, or sustain interest. It adds vigor and color to writing and does not contain the gist of the story, but merely serves as an introduction
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The NOVELTY lead is used:
♣ When the facts are not entirely straight news.
♣ When the facts maybe made much more interesting by a novel way of presenting them.
♣ When the purpose is
to arouse the reader’s
interest.
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Types of Novelty leads:
1. Narrative Lead – It draws the reader into the story by allowing him to relate
himself with the characters. December 1999. With the Y2K scare and
end-of-the millennium jitters hovering in the air, I found myself in a book store for some last minute shopping. I was looking for the abridged versions of the classic Heidi and the Secret Garden to give to my nieces when I saw a vaguely familiar title: The lady or the Tiger. As I traced the embossed title, a particular memory flooded my consciousness.
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2. Descriptive lead
It illustrates a mental picture of the subject to the reader. This is effective in writing a personality sketch.
The night fell as we descended the summit
of Mt. Makiling. The cicadas were sending us
off with their choir. While walking, we couldn’t
stop imagining the possible appearance of
Maria Makiling, who according
to legend, is the goddess
of this mountain.
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3. Quotation leadThis statement is uttered by well-
known person or celebrity.
“You stole the presidency, not only once but twice.” Shouted Susan Roces, widow of Fernando Poe Jr., during a gathering of the opposition, denouncing Pres. Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo’s alleged vote
rigging during the
2004 election.
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4. Question lead
A thought provoking question to capture the interest of reader and lead them to find the answer provided by the succeeding details of the article.
When was the last time I told my father I loved him? I wish I could tell him a thousand times how much I love him now, but he is already heedless inside his coffin.
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5. TeaserA device to deceive the reader in a jesting
manner to arouse his curiosity and gently
lead him into the story. It is generally
short, crisp and witty. Mostly suggestive
and humorous.
Which comes first, the hen or the egg?
Well, egg could not be
made possible without
the hen. But where does
the hen come from?
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6. Punch lead It is short, striking one-sentence lead.
Hungry farmers are selling not only their carabaos but also their children.
7. Freak lead - it uses typographical effects to enhance its appeal.
Wanted: Filipino doctors and nurses. This is the appeal of several government-owned hospitals which face closure due to the exodusof many Pinoy doctors and nurses abroad.
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8. Astonisher lead It uses an exclamatory sentence.
NSPC 2006 Champion! Bold red letters printed on a three-meter longstreamer was over the gate of the New EraUniversity when the Hudyat, Official StudentPublication of the ElementaryDepartment won as Best School Paper during the National Schools PressConference held in Kalibo,Aklan, February 22-26.
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9. One word lead•It uses a very significant word to capture
or arouse the interest of the reader.
Bang!
Sprinters from the different divisions of the
National Capital Region zoomed bullets to the
finishing line in a 100-meter dash
during the National Capital Region
Athletic Association (NCRAA)
Meet, Held at Amoranto
Stadium, Quezon City, April 1-6.
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10. Parody lead It consists of a parody of a well-known
quotation, song, poem, book or movie film
title.
“You only live once, but if you live it
right, once is enough.” This familiar adage
proved true to Clarence Castillo,a young boy
who died while rescuing his younger brother at
the height of flooding in Infanta
town in Quezon last year for
he was posthumously
awarded for his bravery.
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11. Background lead It describes an event in which the
background overshadows the individual who participate in it; often use stories about carnivals, festivals, dances and others.
It was like the school was put in a time
machine and was led back to the past when
teachers and students who participated in the
Buwan ng Wika program, gathered in front of
the four-storey building garbed in old
Filipiniana costumes.
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12. Contrast lead
* it is used to point up opposites and extremes.
Four years ago, she fought for the
installation of Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo
as President of the Philippines through
EDSA II Revolution. Today, former
President Corazon Aquino
is calling for GMA’s
resignation.
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13. Staccato lead Usually consists of series of words or
phrases, punctuated by periods, commas or dashes.
Neglected. Denuded. Abused. and Abandoned. This is the real picture of our forest today.
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HARD News & SOFT News♦ Journalists today often refer to “hard”
news and “soft” news.
HARD News• is important to large numbers of
people.• is timely• usually about events in government,
politics, education, foreign affairs, labor, religion, courts, etc.
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SOFT News• usually less important because it
entertains, although it may also inform
• often less timely than hard news• includes human interests and
feature stories which may relate to hard news.
• appeals more to emotions than to the intellect or the desire to be informed.
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♦ HARD News Despite its importance, usually
attracts fewer readers because it may not be as interesting as
soft news or maybe more difficult to understand.
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3 Factors Essential to News
Facts
Interest
Readers
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♦The basis of all news is FACT.
♦The job of the reporter is to make facts INTERESTING to a particular group of READERS
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♦ News must be factual
• News is based on actual occurrences, situations, thoughts and ideas.
• Yet, not all facts are news
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♦ News must be interesting.
•But not all facts are interesting.
•Different facts
will be interesting
to different
readers.
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♦ Qualities that distinguish news fromother forms of writing:
1. Must be ACCURATE
•Reporters must work hard to achieve accuracy.
•They must check, double-check, and re-check every
fact.
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♦ Reporters must question their sources carefully.
•Informants
sometimes
misinform although
rarely on purpose.
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2. It is BALANCED.
Balanced in a news story is a matter of emphasis and completeness.
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♦ News is considered balanced and complete when all significant details are included and have proper relationship with each other.
•The purpose of balance is to give the reader a fair understanding of the event, not a detailed account of every fact.
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3. It is OBJECTIVE
•News is a factual report, not a report of how the reporter thought something should have been.
•A reporter must report news as impartially and honestly as possible.
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• Objectivity is difficult to achieve because a reporter’s own opinions and feelings can easily interfere with factual presentation in stories.
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4. It is CONCISE and CLEAR •Hard news stories almost
always follow the inverted pyramid and are written concisely and clearly so that the meaning is clear to an average reader.
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LEAD SENTENCE : 5 Ws Use catchy statements (clever, funny, surprising,
provocative)DETAILS Use quotes from
interviewees
Wrap up Use a quote or catchy
phrase
Guidelines of the Inverted PyramidGuidelines of the Inverted Pyramid
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5. It is RECENTTimeliness is of major
importance in this era of fast
communication.
Reporters emphasize
The newest angle
of the story.
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How to write an Effective Lead
1. Use a simple sentence.2. Do not overload the beginning paragraph with the answer of 5Ws and H. Remember
that the second paragraph is a secondary lead too.
3.Do not use an important or unusual word twice in the same sentence.
4. Avoid, when possible the use of articles such as a, an, the – as the beginning word of the lead.
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Rules in Paragraph Construction1. A paragraph of the news should not
exceed 75 words.
2. Important facts should be placed at the
beginning of the paragraph.
3. Avoid repetition of clauses, phrases
and other similar grammatical construction
at the beginning of each paragraph.
4. Do not put direct quotation and
indirect quotation in the same
paragraph.
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5. One sentence paragraph is preferred in writing news. But if it cannot be avoided it should not exceed three sentences
6. For easy reading, average number of words per sentence should be between 15 to 20. A sentence longer than 30 words may be hard to understand.
7. Arrange paragraph in the descending order of importance so that the lay-out editor can delete the last least
important ones for lack of space.
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Qualities of a News Writer
1. Has nose for news
♦ knows where to get the data
♦ knows what angle of the event
should be highlighted in the news
♦can easily identify event, which
is worth publishing as news.
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2. Inquisitive 3. Patient 4. Fair 5. Interested with people 6. Always seeks for truth 7. Resourceful 8. Reliable 9. Has wide vocabulary10. Wide reader
Qualities of a News Writer
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“When love and skill work together, expect a masterpiece.” John Ruskin