Download - Basic Chemistry
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Basic Chemistry
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Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.◦ Solid◦ Liquid◦ Gas
What is matter?
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Energy is the ability to do work or to put matter into motion.◦ Kinetic energy- Movement◦ Potential energy- Stored energy
All living things are built of matter. Therefore in order to grow and function, they need a continuous supply of energy.
What is Energy?
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In your groups try and list as many forms of energy as you can?
Also, give a list of any sources of energy.
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Chemical energy◦ Energy stored in bonds of chemical substances◦ All body activities are done by chemical energy
Forms of Energy
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Electrical energy results from the movement of charged particles.◦ In the body, an electrical current is generated
when charged particles move across cell membrane.
Forms of Energy
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Mechanical energy◦ Directly involved with moving matter◦ Muscles in your body relax and contract to cause
movement.
Forms of Energy
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Radiant energy travels in waves.◦ X-rays, infrared, visible light, radio, ultraviolet◦ Light energy stimulates retinas of your eyes to
produce vision.◦ Ultraviolet waves stimulate our bodies to produce
vitamin D.
Forms of Energy
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In your groups, discuss any circumstances where one energy form is converted into another.
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Electricity from socket is converted to light by lamp.
Chemical energy of ATP is converted to electricity of nervous system or mechanical energy of muscles.
Energy Form Conversions
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No, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Can energy be destroyed or created?
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EFC are quite inefficient because some energy is always lost to the environment as heat.◦ Not lost but unusable
Energy Form Conversions
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Atomic Structure, Molecules, and Compounds
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The nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons.
Proton is a tiny particle that has mass and a positive electrical charge
Neutron is a particle with approximately the same mass as a proton but with no charge.
Electron (e-) has little mass but has a negative electric charge.
The Atom
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Draw and Label the structure of any atom.
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On the periodic table, all elements are identified by one, two, or three letter abbreviations.
Atomic Symbol
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The atomic number represents the number of protons found in that element’s nucleus.◦ Hydrogen atomic number = 1.◦ It has one proton in its nucleus
What does the atomic number represent?
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The total number of protons and neutrons is equal to the mass number.◦ Electrons are too small to contribute to mass
number.
What is the mass number?
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element have different mass numbers.◦ Different number of neutrons.◦ Cl-35 and Cl-37
What are isotopes?
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Oxygen 65% Carbon 18.5% Hydrogen 9.5% Nitrogen 3.2% Other 3.9%
What are the four most common elements of the human body?
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Atoms that gain or lose electrons have a net chemical charge and is called an ion.◦ Na+◦ Mg+2
◦ Si +4
◦ O-2
Ions
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Molecules are formed when two or more atoms combine chemically.
H (atom) + H (atom) → H2 (molecule)
What is a molecule?
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A Compound forms when two or more different atoms bind to form a molecule.
4H + C = CH4 (methane)
Compounds always have properties quite different from the atoms making them.
What is a Compound?
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Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
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Electrons are distributed over one or more energy levels in a predictable pattern.◦ 1st inner most energy levels holds 2 electrons.◦ Each energy level afterwards holds 8 electrons.
Filling energy levels
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Valence electrons are found on the outermost energy levels and determine the chemical behavior of the different elements.
What are valence electrons?
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Ionic bonds form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
Example:◦ Na(+) + Cl(-) → NaCl
What is an ionic bond?
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Covalent bonds occur when molecules share electrons.
For example:
Hydrogen atom + Hydrogen atom → Molecule of Hydrogen gas
What is a covalent bond?
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Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that form between polar hydrogen compounds.◦ Water’s high surface tension
Allows water strider to walk on water Help maintain structure of proteins
What is a hydrogen bond?
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Chemical reactions involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms.
What is a chemical reaction?
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Synthesis Reaction occur when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule.◦ Energy-Absorbing Reactions◦ Energy absorbed in bonds◦ Important for growth or repair of worn-out or
damaged tissue
A + B → AB
What is a Synthesis Reaction?
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Decomposition Reactions occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.◦ Chemical energy is released as bonds break.◦ Digestion of food into their building blocks
AB → A + B
What is a Decomposition Reaction?
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Exchange reactions occur when there is a switch made between molecule parts and different molecules are made.◦ Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions◦ Occurs between ATP and glucose to produce ADP and
glucose-phosphate effectively trapping the glucose fuel molecule into the cell.
AB + C → AC + B or AB + CD → AD + CB
What is an Exchange Reaction?