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BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Ev-K2-CNR PYRAMID
February 2007
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Objectives: basic life support
Criteria to BLS access: Valutation of unconscious patient
ABC: ABC valutation CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
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Basic life support (BLS)
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Chain of survivalChain of survival
Early recognition and call for help
Early recognition and call for help
Early CRPEarly CRP Early
defibrillation
Early
defibrillation
Post resuscitatio
n care
Post resuscitatio
n care
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Aim of BLS
To prevent/reduce the hypoxic cerebral damage using the CPR techniques in subjects with cardiopulmonary arrest
To garantee an early access in synthomatic patients at high risk of cardiopulmonary complications (IMA/stroke) to hospital
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SAFETY OF BOTH RESCUER AND VICTIM
SAFETY OF BOTH RESCUER AND VICTIM
1. MAKE SURE YOU; THE VICTIM AND ANY BYSTANDERS ARE SAFE.
2. USE RIGHT PROTECTION DEVICES.
3. TAKE CARE OF ANY ORGANIC SUBSTANCE.
1. MAKE SURE YOU; THE VICTIM AND ANY BYSTANDERS ARE SAFE.
2. USE RIGHT PROTECTION DEVICES.
3. TAKE CARE OF ANY ORGANIC SUBSTANCE.
IT’S THE FIRST THING TO DO.IT’S THE FIRST THING TO DO.
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LEGAL ASPECTS of BLSLEGAL ASPECTS of BLSWhen don’t CRP start ?When don’t CRP start ?
EVIDENT SIGNS OF BIOLOGICAL DEATH
EVIDENT SIGNS OF BIOLOGICAL DEATH
• TISSUTAL DECOMPOSITION
• RIGOR MORTIS
• DECAPITATION
• FATAL TRAUMA
• TISSUTAL DECOMPOSITION
• RIGOR MORTIS
• DECAPITATION
• FATAL TRAUMA
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LEGAL ASPECTS of BLSLEGAL ASPECTS of BLS
Start with CRP without thinking about:
Start with CRP without thinking about:
• AGE
• CADAVERIC APPEARANCE
• BODY TEMPERATURE
• MyDRIASIS
• AGE
• CADAVERIC APPEARANCE
• BODY TEMPERATURE
• MyDRIASIS
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Access to BLS protocol
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Access criteriaUnnconscious patients check AVPU
Unresponsive:Shout for helpTurn the victim onto his back and then open the airway BLS sequence
Responsive (V/P):Check ABC leaving him in the position in which you find him Try to find what is wrong with him and get help if neededReassess him regularly
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Level of consciousness
A – Conscious (Alert)V – Responder to Verbal stimalationP – Responder to pain stimulation (Pain)U – Unresponsive
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Primary ABC
Level of consciousness (AVPU) Airway Breathing Circulation
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Steps of the BASIC LIFE SUPPORTSteps of the BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
RAPID EVALUATION of level of consciousness
RAPID EVALUATION of level of consciousness
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Steps of the BASIC LIFE SUPPORTSteps of the BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
RAPID ACTIVATION OF THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM
RAPID ACTIVATION OF THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Head tilt and chin lift Head tilt and chin lift
OPENING the AIRWAY OPENING the AIRWAY
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORT
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
LookLook
ListeListenn
FeelFeel
LookLook
ListeListenn
FeelFeel
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORT
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
If he is breathing normally:
•Turn him into recovery position
•Call for help
•Check for continued breathig
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
If he is breathing normally:
•Turn him into recovery position
•Call for help
•Check for continued breathig
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORT
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
If he is not breathing normally:If he is not breathing normally:
•Send someone to call for helpSend someone to call for help
•Give 2 breths that makes chest riseGive 2 breths that makes chest rise
•Start chest compressionStart chest compression
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
If he is not breathing normally:If he is not breathing normally:
•Send someone to call for helpSend someone to call for help
•Give 2 breths that makes chest riseGive 2 breths that makes chest rise
•Start chest compressionStart chest compression
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
Essential for an adeguate PPV, in order to prevent an inadeguate/insufficient ventilation are:
Good aderece between the device of PPV and patient’s mounth
Right volume/frequency og ventilations
NB: avoid rapid and forcefula breaths in order to prevent:
Gastric distension Lung injuries Haemodinamic problems
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
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Mouth-to-mouth ventilation1. Using head tilt and chin lift picch the
soft part of the nose closed, using the index finger and thumb of your hand on the forehead. Allow the month to open, but mantaining chin lift.
2. Take a normal breath and place your lift around his mouth, making sure that you have a good seal.
3. Blow steadly into the mouth while watching for the chest to ris, taking about 1s as in a normal breath.
4. Mantaining head tilt and chin lift,take your mouth away and watch for the chest to fall as air passes out.
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Barrier devices
Irway to insert in patient’s mouth
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Pocket-Mask Device
One way valve
Filter
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Oropharingeal cannula
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Ventilation pocketmask-to-mouth
Advantages: No direct contact,
even if no case of trasmission of HIV with mouth-to-mouth ventilation
Good oxygenation if connected to O2
Good for rescuer with small hands
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Anoxic cerabral damage in acute heart arrest
Anoxic damage starts afeter 4-6 minutes without circulation
After abut 10 minutes there are irreversible cerebral lesions
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
Combine rescue breaths
With chest compressions
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORTCHEST COMPRESSION:
1. PLACE THE HEEL OF ONE HAND IN THE CENTRE OF THE VICTIM CHEST
2. INTERLOCK THE FINGER OF YOUR HANDS
3. PRESS DOWN ON THE STERNUM 4-5 cm
CHEST COMPRESSION:
1. PLACE THE HEEL OF ONE HAND IN THE CENTRE OF THE VICTIM CHEST
2. INTERLOCK THE FINGER OF YOUR HANDS
3. PRESS DOWN ON THE STERNUM 4-5 cm
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CPR
Allow complete
chest recoil
Push hardPush fast
Deep of compression: 4-5 cmCompression and release should take equal amount of time
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORTBASIC LIFE SUPPORT
RITHM 30:2RATE 100/MIN
IF THERE IS MORE THAN ONE RESCUER PRESENT, ANOTHER
SHOULD TAKE OVER CPR EVERY 1-2 MIN YO PREVENT FATIGUE.
ENSURE THE MINIMUM OF DELAY DURING THE
CHANGEOVER.
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Continue with chest compressions and rescue breaths in a ratio of
30:2
with 5 cycles in 2 minutes
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BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Remember to continue resuscitation until:
•Qualify help arrives and takes over•The victim starts breathing normally•You become exausted
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Recovery position
FOR UNRESPONSIVE VICTIMS WITH NORMAL BREATHING AND EFFECTIVE CIRCULATION
The position shoul be stable, near a true lateral position with the head dependent
and no pressure on the chest to impair breathing.
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Recovery position
Place the arm nearest to you at right angles of the body, elbow bent with the hand palm upper-most.
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Recovery position
Bring the far arm across the chest and hold the back of the hand against
the victm’s cheek nearest to you.
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Recovery position
With your other hand, grasp the far leg just above theKnee and pull it up, keeping the foot on the ground.
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Recovery position
If the victims has to be kept in the recovery position formore than 30 minutes turn him to the opposite side.
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FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
ADULT FBAO TREATMENTASSESS SEVERITY
SEVERE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
(ineffective cough)
MILD AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION(effective cough)
Conscious
5 back blows5 abdominal trusts
Unconscious
Start CPR
Encourage coughContinue to check for
deterioratin to ineffective cough or until obstruction
relieve
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FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
ENCOURAGE HIM TO CONTINUE
COUGHING BUT DO NOTHING ELSE!
ENCOURAGE HIM TO CONTINUE
COUGHING BUT DO NOTHING ELSE!
He’s ablle to
cough and talk
He’s ablle to
cough and talk
MILD OBSTRUCION
“Are you chocking?!”
Cough..yes!!
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FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
UNCONSCIUOSNESS
WHEEZY BREATHING
SILENT ATTEMPTS TO COUGH
CYANOSIS
CANNOT SPEAK
CANNOT BREATH
UNCONSCIUOSNESS
WHEEZY BREATHING
SILENT ATTEMPTS TO COUGH
CYANOSIS
CANNOT SPEAK
CANNOT BREATH
SEVERE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
“Are you choking?!”
…..
SAY “YES” BY NODDONG HIS HEAD WITHOUT SPEAKING!
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“HEIMLICH” MANEUVER “HEIMLICH” MANEUVERTREATMENT OF
CONSCIOUS VICTIM, STANDING UP WITH
SEVERE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
TREATMENT OF CONSCIOUS VICTIM, STANDING UP WITH
SEVERE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
1. STAND BEHIND VICTIM
2. PUT BOTH HANDS ROUND THE UPPER PART OF THE ABDOMEN
3. LEAN THE VICTIM FORWARDS
4. CLENCH YOUR FIST AND PLACE BETWEEN THE UMBILICUS AND XIPHISTERNUM
5. GRASP THIS HAND WITH THE OTHER AND PULL SHARPLY INWARDS AND UPWARDS
Not reccommended for children under 1 year, obese victims and pregnacy woman
1. STAND BEHIND VICTIM
2. PUT BOTH HANDS ROUND THE UPPER PART OF THE ABDOMEN
3. LEAN THE VICTIM FORWARDS
4. CLENCH YOUR FIST AND PLACE BETWEEN THE UMBILICUS AND XIPHISTERNUM
5. GRASP THIS HAND WITH THE OTHER AND PULL SHARPLY INWARDS AND UPWARDS
Not reccommended for children under 1 year, obese victims and pregnacy woman
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“HEIMLICH” MANEUVER “HEIMLICH” MANEUVER
NOT RECCOMMENDED FOR CHILDREN UNDER 1 YEAR, OBESE VICTIMS AND PREGNACY
WOMAN
NOT RECCOMMENDED FOR CHILDREN UNDER 1 YEAR, OBESE VICTIMS AND PREGNACY
WOMAN
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FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
FOREIGN-BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
If THE PATIENTSBECOMES
UNCONSCIOUSIMMEDIATELYACTIVATE EMS
If THE PATIENTSBECOMES
UNCONSCIOUSIMMEDIATELYACTIVATE EMS
CPR
If while CPR, when you open the airway to give rescue breaths, YOU CAN SEE solid material: remove it!
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RESUSCITATION OF CHILDREN
The adult sequence can be used also in not responsive and not breathing children;Give 5 initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions;A lone rescuer should perform CPR for approximately 1 min before going for help;Compress the chest by approximately 1/3 of depth;Use 2 finders for an infant under 1 year.
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CONGELAMENTOSTADIAZIONESEGNI E SINTOMI-EVOLUZIONE
1 PALLORE, CIANOSI, EDEMA, INTORPIDIMENTODOLORABILITA’ SPONTANEA, PARESTESIE RECUPERO
2a BOLLE CHIARE, IPOANESTESIA RECUPERO
2b BOLLE EMORRAGICHE, ANESTESIA ULCERE DISTROFICHE, CICATRICI DEFORMANTI RISCHIO AMPUTAZIONE
3 NECROSI, ANESTESIA TOTALE COINVOLGIMENTO MUSCOLARE, NERVOSO, OSSEO AMPUTAZIONE
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FROSTBITES•BRING THE VICTIM IN A PROTECTED PLACE
•TAKE OUT CLOTHES, IN PARTICULAR IF TIGHT OR WET !! BE CAREFUL TO BOOTS
•TAKE OUT RINGS
•DRY THE DAMAGED PART CAREFULLY
•WARM UP WITH THE BODY OF A FRIEND FOR 10 MIN (AXILLA OR ABDOMEN)
•GIVE WARM NOT ALCHOLIC DRINKS
•PUT ON BOOTS AND IF YOU CAN FEEL AGAIN START WALKING
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FROSTBITES
•BRING IN A WARM PLACE
•PUT IN WARM WATER (WITH AN ANTISEPHTIC AGENT) AT 37°C FOR 1 HOUR
•DRY CAREFULLY
•PUT COTTONS BETWEEN FINGERS
•KEEP THE PART UP
•REST
•GIVE -ASPIRINA 500-1000 mg.-IBUPROFENE 400-800 mg.
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CONGELAMENTODA EVITARE
•FRIZIONARE LA PARTE LESA (con le mani, neve, alcool, pomate, lana, stoffa)
•IMMERGERE IN ACQUA CALDA
•ESPORRE LA PARTE LESA A FONTI DI CALORE
•BUCARE LE BOLLE
•SOMMINISTRARE BEVANDE ALCOOLICHE (se luogo non riscaldato)
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CONGELAMENTOEVOLUZIONE
Il recupero della sensibilità dopo 10 min. di riscaldamentoè indice di congelamento superficiale
Se la circolazione non viene ripristinata entro 48 ore si rischia l’amputazione
•PERIODO DI PROGRESSIVA NECROSI 24-36 h
•PERIODO DI MUMMIFICAZIONE 16-21 gg.