24707 Dana Drive, Dana Point, CA 92629949.493.9493 www.AventuraSailing.com
Basic Sailing CourseStudent Syllabus
We Can Teach You How to Sail and Keep You Sailing!
Mark W. HoweDirector of
Education Programs
Name Class Start Date
041614
Table of Contents
Part I -Student Syllabus Page No.
Course Outline 2
Terms and Conditions of Enrollment 3
Terminology - Parts of a Boat 4-5
Terminology - Sailing 6
Sails and Rigging 7
Rigging and Parts of a Sail 8
Points of Sail 9
Safety Devices and Fire Emergency Procedures 10
Man Overboard Recovery Techniques 11
Important Checklists for Aventura Boat Operation 12-14
Undocking and Docking Procedures 15-16
Maneuvering Under Power 17
Rules of the Road 18
Navigation Lights, Fog Signals and Aids to Navigation 19
Marine Systems - Diesel Engines 20
Marine Systems - Alcohol Stove and Marine Head 21
Marine Radio Procedures 22
Stopping a Boat Under Sail 23
Part II - Student WorkbookTake-home Quizzes and Worksheets 24-31
AppendixHarbor Chart 32
Sailing Equipment Operations Checklist 33(To be used during dockside orientation)
Sailing Lab Procedures 34
Take-home Quiz Answers 35
Marine Systems - Diesel Engine Cooling System 36
Maneuvering Under Power Slip Exit Commands•Outbound Procedure - FWP•Turn Around Procedure - Pivot Turn 37•
Basic Sailing Course Outline 2
Lecture 1 Sailing Terminology•Principles of Sail •Points of Sail •Sailing Maneuvers •(Take-home Quiz # 1A&B)•
Lecture 2 Safety at Sea •Aventura Safety Checklists•Man Overboard Procedures •Emergency Procedures •Maneuvering Under Power •Docking•Basic Knots •(Take-home Quiz #2A&B)•
Lecture 3Rules of the Road•Marine Systems •
Maintenance and •TroubleshootingEngines •Inboard, Outboard, DieselMarine Stoves •Marine Heads•
Marine Radio Procedures•(Take-home Quiz #3)•
Lecture 4 Rules of the Road Review •Heavy Weather Sailing •(Survival) Basic Anchoring •Final Examination •
(at your convenience)
Basic Sail 1 Dock Side Boat Orientation •Setting and Dousing Sails •Engine Operation •Basic Knots •ReefingDemonstrationand•Practice
Basic Sail 2 Getting Underway •Sailing Maneuvers •Coming About •Gybing •Man Overboard •
Basic Sail 3 Maneuvering Under Power •Docking and Undocking •Sailing Review •Rules of the Road Drills •
Basic Sail 4 (Final Exam) DemonstrationofProficiency•in all areas Anchoring Demonstration •RedCrossCertificationSwim•(Optional-Bring/Wear Swimsuit)
Lab 5 - Members Orientation Operational Policies and •Procedures
Please Fill in Your Course Schedule Below
Lecture Dates
1 _________________________
2 _________________________
3 _________________________
4 _________________________
Labs - On the Water Sail Dates
1 _________________________
2 _________________________
3 _________________________
4 _________________________
Members Orientation
5 _________________________
Lectures Labs
Terms & Conditions of Enrollment 3
Terms and Conditions of Enrollment and Registration Policies Enrollmentisforaspecificallyscheduledclasssessionwith meetings agreed upon during application. Refund/cancellation requests must be received no later than 48 hourspriortothefirstdayoftheclassorbesubjecttoa 50% penalty charge. Times, dates, and locations are subjecttochangewithoutnotice.
Most students are able to learn to operate a vessel during the normal class schedule of four lectures and four lab practice sessions. Students sign up for lab times based on schedule and convenience. If a student is unable to attend the scheduled sessions during a class, make-up labs will be available. If make-up labs are scheduled in advance there will be no charge provided they are made up in the next available class offering or as arranged. There will be no charge for additional lectures or the Lecture/Lab I.
For students needing additional labs whether for reasons of failure to show up for a scheduled lab or needing more practice to be able to operate a vessel, extra lab sessions will be available. These refresher/make-up labs will be at a special alumni price per session and are highly recommended. Changes to scheduled labs may be made inpersonduringclassorbyphonetotheAventuraoffice.
Final completion of course requirements may be extended 30 days (or until completion of the following class session) to allow for agreed upon makeup work to be completed. Students failing to successfully complete the course within the 30 day grace period, including a passing score on the written examination, will be dropped. Dropped students will be required to pay the scheduled rate for all subsequent makeup instruction, as will students failing to attend class for reasons of personal convenience or neglect.
Members successfully completing all coursework accordingtotheabovewillreceivecertificationforchartering boats or other recognition appropriate to the course. Members failing to maintain skills by chartering or actively participating in sailing programs within a reasonable length of time may be required to recertify for the safety of their vessel and crew. This will be at least a 9 month period.
Nonmembers who successfully complete the course and desiretojointheAventuraSailingAssociationmaydosowithoutpaymentofthecertificationfeeiftheyactwithin30 days of the completion of their coursework. Otherwise itwillbenecessarytogothroughcertificationaswithanynew member. Nonmembers failing to complete the course inthetimeallottedwillnotreceiveanycertificationandwillneedtore-applyforcertificationifdesiredandpayanynecessary fees.
Terminology - Parts of a Boat 4
Hull Deck and Cockpit
Deck
Cockpit
Lifeline & Stanchion
Rail (Toe Rail)
Bow Pulpitand Anchor with Roller
Keel Full with Lead ballast Keel Full Keel - ShallowFin Keel - Deep Shoal Draft = (Shallow)
Stern Pulpit
Helm & Wheel Rudder Emergency Tiller Emergency Tiller
Scupper (Drain)
Terminology - Parts of a Boat 5
Cabin V-berth Cockpit
Anchoring Equipment“Ground Tackle”Rode: Rope & ChainScope: Ratio of Rode to Depth
Fender (Rubber bumper) Lazarette (Storage) Block (Pulley)
Terminology - Sailing 6
DirectionA boat sails by the apparent wind, not the true wind.
Lower
Up Wind
Higher
Fall Off
Windward
Lee
Leeward
Windward
Lee
Leeward
Weather
Head Up
Wind Direction
Down Wind
45º
30ºApparent14 KTS
True10 KTS
Apparent6 KTS
4KTS
5KTS
True Wind vs. Apparent
Other Terms
Raise/Douse Sails•Luff(verb)Luffing•
Way, Way On • (motion thru’ the water)
Weather Helm • (turns into the wind)
Draft• (depth of something)Boat Draft vs Sail Draft
Tenderness/Heel -15° -20° •maximumEase, Ease off (scootch) vs. •Slack, ReleaseWinches turn clockwise •
(2 if by hand; 4 if by crank)
Clinometer
Winch
Abeam
Dea
d A
head
Dea
d A
ster
n
Port
Starboard Abeam
Port Bow
Starboard Bow Starboard Quarter
Port Quarter
Point System: 32 points = 360°
Running Lights Graphic
10 p
ts.
8 pts.
2 pts.
12 pts.
Sails and Rigging 7
Main & JibJib Sail Sizes: % is the distance from the mast forward. Genoa Jib = 130-180% Lapper Jib = 110-120% Working or Storm Jib = Less than 100%
Stays Forestay or Headstay & Backstay Holds Mast Front To Back
Shrouds Upper vs Lower Holds Mast Side to Side, Diagonals (at an angle)
Spreaders Cross Trees
Chainplate Anchoring Points In HullTurnbuckles AdjustingScrews
Halyards andHalyard WinchesRaising & Lowering Sails (Main - Starboard)
Sheets andSheet Winches Letting Sail Out or Pulling it In.
Fairlead (Rope Guide)Jib & Main Sheets
Sails Spars
Standing Rigging
Running Rigging
Mast & Boom
MainJib
Roller Furling
Rigging and Parts of a Sail 8
Telltales/AWI Apparent Wind Indicators
GasketSail Ties For Folding
Folding the Main Like Making A Bed; Stretch Out Along The Boom. Accordion vs. Burrito Fold.
BattensStiffening Sticks
ReefMakes Sail SmallerReef Knot (Half Bow)“Jiffy Reef”
Grommet - Earing
Traveler Mainsheet Fairlead Boomvang (Gizmo Flattener) Gooseneck Universal Joint Hinge for Boom
Out Haul & Topping Lift (Boom Lift) Holds the Boom Up When the Sail Comes Down
Running Rigging
Parts of a Sail
Foot
Luff
TackClew
Head
Leec
h
Points of Sail 9
Five Points of Sail
1. Beat/Close Hauled (Pinching – edge of irons)
Close Reach 2. Beam Reach 3. Broad Reach 4. Run 5.
Points of SailPort Tack vs. Starboard Tack
Upwind TermsBeating Close HauledPinching (edge of irons)
Downwind Terms RunningRunning Free Running Before the Wind Wing & Wing/Wing Out Reaching TermsClose ReachBeam Reach Broad Reach
Come About
Preparatory Command “Standby to come about” or “Ready About”
Command of Execution is given asthejibbeginsto collapse. “Come About” or “Cut”(jibsheetsmostimportant)
Gybe
Preparatory Command“Prepare to Gybe”
Command of Execution is given asthejibbeginsto collapse. “Gybe Ho” (main sheet most important)
Changing Tack / “Tacking”
Safety Devices and Fire Emergency Procedures 10
Personal Floatation Device - PFD One per each person on board
Types of PFDs
I&II-Willfloatandturnunconsciousperson(maybe)(readily accessible)
III - Will not save an unconscious person.(readily accessible)
IV - Throwable device for man overboard (immediately available)
V-Inflatable;legalonlyifworn.Label will list its performance as Type I, II, or III.
I II III
IV-RingBuoyIV-LifeslingV-Inflatable
FireTriangle
O2
Heat
Fuel
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DC Dry Chemical Halon
A. Wood or Alcohol - Can be put out with water. For alcohol, feel for heat from an invisible flame.
B. Oil (or gas) - Must not be fought with water. [unlessfinesprayor wet blanket] Use extinguisher and/or smother.
C. Electrical - Turn off electricityandfightasyouwouldanAorBfire.
Types of Fire Extinguishersand typical locations
Types of Fires Procedures for Fire at Sea Alcohol Stove1. -Iffireissmall,coveritwithyourcookingpot.Iffireislarger,usefresh water. Avoid using seawater or extinguisher if possible; it ruins the stove.
Wood Fires2. -Douse with water and/or use extinguisheratthebaseoftheflames.
Engine Fires3. -Do not open engine compartment any more than is necessary to discharge extinguisher bottle into engine compartment. Thenclosehatchimmediatelytosmotherfire.
Electrical Fires4. -Turn batteries to OFF immediately,thenfightthefirewiththeappropriate method for whatever is burning.
If Vessel is On Fire5. - maneuver carefully so that the burning part of the vessel is downwind. Flames must blow away from the rest of the vesselandpersonsfightingthefire.
Man Overboard Recovery Techniques 11
Assume one boat length for helmsman to register “MOB”.Otherwiseitshouldbea“knee-jerk”reaction into the wind.Man overboard maneuvers are designed to get your boat into position and stopped as quickly as possible. Avoid going into irons!! In irons, you may stop quickly, but you will lose control of the boat.See page 23 for additional illustrations.
Close Reach/Close HaulDashed Line is an enhancement that can be made by a more experienced skipper.
Beam ReachApparent wind will be close reach to some degree.
Downwind SailsLuffing
RunBroad Reach
Upwind Back Jib
SailingonaBroadReachorRunarethemostdifficult:The longer you wait the harder to get back.Crash gybe may be the fastest if “wung out”. Note: Down wind it will be necessary to tack to the man regardless of whether or not you choose to Gybe. Approach to a man must be from downwind with sails luffing.
Heave to
(Douse Jib?)
Heave to
(Douse Jib?)
Man Overboard ProceduresRescue should take no more than 30sec.
Person Observing Man Overboard1. yells “man overboard” and points at the person in the water. Continue pointing at the person until the helmsman has come alongside the person. If the person overboard goes out of sight, continue pointing in the direction the person was last seen.
Helmsman2. immediately turns the boat through the wind in a tacking maneuver until the vessel isaimeddirectlyatthepersonandthejibisbackwinded. When sailing downwind, the helmsman may head up to execute a come about releasing the sails. If the vessel is under power, shift to neutral.
Any Person 3. throws a Type II PFD toward person in the water and directs him to ‘’put it on’’. This giveshimagoal,keepinghimfightingforsurvivalas well as getting him into a PFD. Any available person should throw overboard anything that isfloatable,includingthetrash,tobeusedasmarkers.
Additional Person4. donslifejacket,securesrope to himself, and stands by to enter the water to assist if necessary (depending on crew and conditions).
Rescue Along Leeward Side of the vessel5. , thereby sheltering the person overboard from the wind and waves. Use the life ring off stern bracket with rope attached to make connection with person.
Get a Line to The Person Overboard,6. preferably with a loop tied with a bowline. Be sure the other end of the line is secured to the boat. Person overboard should get the loop around their chest, under the arms.
Important Checklists for Aventura Boat Operation 12
Engine Starting Checklist
Open the engine compartment: 1. a. Inspect for leaks, loose wires, etc.
b. Smell for fumes; gasoline, propane natural gas, etc.
Check the oil level. (Unnecessary to wipe the 2.dipstick if the engine hasn’t been run, but stick it again if it comes up clean.)
If Gasoline Engine: Vent with the blower for at 3.least 1 full minute, or 3 to 5 minutes if gas fumes are present at the blower vent in the stern.
Test batteries individually with cabin lights or 4.voltmeter under load. Set on “All” to charge everything.
Start engine: [key or button]5. a. Shift in neutral. b. Glow plug (or choke for gas) if necessary. c. Crack the throttle about 50% (unless the boat manual says different).
Check stern to ensure water is coming out the 6.exhaust pipe. If not, check engine cooling water seacock and shut off engine if solution is not found. (Otherwise you may fry your engine.)
7. Look at the running engine for one minute to be certain all appears normal. Check the gauges on the control panel.
General Checklist
Review operations section in boat manual 1.completely.
Check off inventory list in boat manual, 2. particularly for the following:
First aid kit in head medicine cabinet a. above the sink. Lifejackets-oneforeachperson.b. Emergencyequipment(flares,firec. extinguisher, etc. Check dates.) Emergency Tiller (and how it attaches).d.
Visually check for potential problems such as the 3.following:
Rigging - standing and running. Look up! a. Check for twisted or damaged halyards, shrouds, and stays. Bilge water level. b. Anchor and rode assembled and ready c. for emergency use.
4. Fuel level. 5. Check the following for operability:
Radio -should be kept on channel 16 a. when under way. Bilge pumps. b. Running lights. c.
6. Electrical Systems Check See Battery Operation Checklist.
Important Checklists for Aventura Boat Operation 13
Battery #1 Battery #2
Engine
CockpitIgnition Panel
Battery Switch Checklist for Battery Operation Warning: never switch batteries while the engine is running. Kill engine first and then restart.
Test the condition of each battery separately with 1. the cabin lights.
If both batteries are OK, switch to BOTH (ALL) a. to start engine.
If one is weak, check to see if it is capable of b. starting engine.
Run the engine on BOTH to keep both batteries c. in a charged condition. Check the ampmeter gauge to see if alternator 2. is charging. A healthy but weak battery should show a high charge rate for as much as an hour after engine has started. A weak battery that fails to charge indicates an equipment failure.
Generally: switch should be on BOTH when 3. the engine is running (alternator charging all batteries). Use the weaker battery when engine is off. This is called “House” for powering lights, radio, etc.
Important Checklists for Aventura Boat Operation 14
Checklist for Cruising
Man overboard items immediately available for 1. use.
Fresh water tanks full. 2.
Head operable -holding tank empty. 3.
Navigation charts and tools; know how to use 4. them.
Weather reports. 5.
End of Cruise Checklist 1. Before entering the harbor, at least three miles offshore: a. Pump the bilge. b. Empty the holding tank (or at the pump-out station) 2. Tie up in the slip with NO overhang over dock in bow.
3. Stow sails in their accustomed manner.
4. Clean the interior as you would your home during daily housekeeping.
5. Rinse the exterior with fresh water; scrub with soap as necessary.
6. Re-stow equipment according to boat inventory sheet.
7. Turn off battery, switches off, unless boat manual says otherwise.
8. Make one last check before you leave your boat to be sure of the following:
No winch handles or other equipment are left a. out. Halyards are secured properly without tangles b. at the top; to the pulpits; away from the mast
Lines are neatly coiled, c. without excessive macrame, and hung off the deck so they don’t sit in a puddle.
K
RB
Kill (The Engine)
Ignition (Remove Key)
Reverse (Lock Prop)
Batteries (Use Weakest)
BR
K
Batteries (On)
Reverse (Out of)
Ignition (On)
Kill (Un-kill - Start!)
Once you’re ready to sail:
At the end of your sail and returning to port:
I
I
Undocking Procedures 15
Upwind Exits Walk the boat out!
Remember: When a boat is under power at low speeds, the bow will tend to blow downwind, and the boat will back to windward in reverse
Walk the boat back into the channel and allow the wind to blow the stern down wind.
Stop the boat (before you fall into the water) and pull it forward alongside where you are standing. (If the wind is strong, the helms man may assist by idling forward slowly.)
When the boat is alongside, push out hard and climb aboard at the shrouds. Meanwhile, the helmsman shifts into forward. (If you do this calmly, no one will fall into the water.)
So ... If you blow your exit completely,justbackoutas if that’s the way you planned it. Do it slowly and calmly
Downwind ExitsPut the boat in reverse and power it out.
With a lot of help from the crew, back straight in reverse with minimal throttle until halfway out of the slip.
Turn rudder to start the turn and when halfway out of the slip, instruct crew to get aboard and fend the bow!
When the bow clears the slip, shift into neutral. Keep rudder turned and wait patiently for boat to finishturningandslow.
As boat loses stern way (but before it stops), shift into Forward, turn the Wheel 45° the other way and apply medium Power.
F W P!Note: This is just like backing a car out of a tight parking space. A 45° rudder angle should be as far as the wheel will turn. Never try to guess what is ‘far enough’.
“I’m in reverse”“Keep it straight” “Get on board” “Fend the bow”
Docking Procedures 16
Emergency Stops:When the engine stalls, transmission jams,etc.
Approach along the opposite 2/3rds of the channel from your slip and shift into neutral. Begin your turn at least two slips prior to your slip, 3 or 4 slips may be better!
Start turning slowly; there’s plenty of time for corrections if you start early enough. If you feel you have too much speed, shift into reverse at idle! Steer the mast as the pivot point.
When the bow has entered the slip, shift into reverse and increase the throttle as necessary to stop forward way. Steer the mast for the center of the slip
Plan A. If you plan ahead, best is two people ready with bow lines in hand at the shrouds. Plan B. Last minute save, somebody (the bigger the better) braced on the dock at the bow.
Handy Hints to Keep in Mind
Don’t let shifting distract you from steering the •boat!!!
Learn to reach over the top of the wheel, not •through the spokes.
On windy days, try to bump the weather side of •the slip. This allows for leeway. You may need to use more or less power.
Step ashore carefully from the shrouds - don’t leap from the bow!!
In Tense Moments
Idlebeforeeveryshift,evenifit’sjusttoneutral. •Remember the shift is on the left side. Be sure you are in gear before hitting the throttle. •Makeyourshiftsverydefiniteandpushtheleverall the way to the stop.
Don’t over rev your engine; use moderate RPM’s •and wait patiently for the boat to respond. (While you’re waiting, be sure you’re in gear.)
Avoid shifting rapidly between forward and •reverse. A half second pause in neutral may save a transmission repair bill.
Approach at between
1-2 knots to maintain
steerage.Pivot Point
Docking:Approachatbetween1-2knotstomaintainsteerage.Therewillbeasignificantdifferenceinyourshifting and throttle between headwind and tailwind!
Maneuvering Under Power 17
Steerageway1. - Boat must have way for steerage.
Propeller Thrust On Rudder 2. - Prop wash directed by the rudder brings prompt and strong steerage response in forward gear.
Handedness of The Propeller3. - The stern may be strongly pulled to one side due to the direction of prop rotation. Pilots call this “P-Factor”. When you begin backing out of your slip, you have no steerageway, no prop wash on the rudder, your stern automatically pulls to the left (assuming right handed screw).
Pivot Turn Make the turn the same direction as the Prop Rotation. Modern boats are usually right handed.
Use Wheel, Reverse, Power (WRP)
Turn the Wheel 45°; shift into Reverse; apply medium Power.The “P-Factor” of the prop rotation sucks the back of the boat to the left as you pivot to the right (assuming right handed screw).
In Forward Insignificant Force in Forward
In Reverse Highly SignificantForce in Reverse
Three Turning Forces Actingon a Boat
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Rules of the Road 18
Meeting: Both vessels keep right – neither vessel stands on.
Overtaking: Vessel in front stands on – overtaking vessel gives way.
Crossing: Vessel to starboard stands on – vessel to port gives way
Under Power Rules
Power vs. SailSailboats have the right of way over power vessels with the standard exceptions.
Standard Exceptions to All Rules:1. Overtaking 2. Towing (If unable to maneuver)3. Fishing 4. Special Operations 5. Larger vessel with limited maneuverability - vessel restricted to a narrow channel. (i.e. shipping lanes.)
Primary Rule Starboard Tack Rule (Opposite Tack Rule)
Secondary RuleCloser Hauled Vessel Rule (Same Tack Rule)
Sail Rules
Note: In a collision situation between two vessels on the same tack, the closer hauled vessel will be the vessel to leeward!!
Navigation Lights, Fog Signals and Aids to Navigation 19
Navigation Lights Shown from Sunset to Sunrise and During Periods of Poor Visibility
Air HornEvery Aventura Boat Has One!Long Blast = 4-6 SecondsShort Blast = 1 Second
Power Vessel - 1 Long Blast
Exceptional Vessel (Including Sail) - 1 Long & 2 Short Blasts
Towed Vessel - 1 Long & 3 Short Blasts
Fog BellAt Anchor5 Seconds
Aids to Navigation The Red Right Returning Rule
Fog Signals to be sounded at least every two minutes.
GreenSquare
Entering
Red Triangle
Anchor/Mast (Head) Light
Steaming Light (Bow/Masthead Light)
Running Lights
20 pt.
12 pt.10 pt.10 pt.
32 pt.
Red Light
Red Nun Bouy(or Spar)
Green Light
Green Can Bouy
Marine Systems - Diesel Engines 20
Decompression Leverfor a Weak Battery
Water Pump Cooling water not coming out exhaust
Check the Through-Hull 1. Valve (Seacock). Check the Water Hose 2. for Kelp. Check the Impeller Inside 3. the Seawater Pump.
Fuel Bleeder ScrewAir in the lines from running out of fuel: Bleed the Lines
Oil Dip Stick
Seacock
Do not turn off the key until engine is stopped.
Engine Kill Lever
Pull
Fuel Filter
Always keep a teakettle of water handy.
Pressurize the fuel tank (valve off). 1.
Prime the cup 2. (valve on a few seconds to get a few tablespoons).
Let it burn for 2 to 3 minutes until hot. (valve off) 3. Light the burner and cook (valve on).4.
Alcohol Stove
Marine Systems - Alcohol Stove and Marine Head 21
Switch valve to 3. dry position and pump to empty bowl and to avoid sinking your boat.
Y - valve may be set in either 4. the overboard or holding tank discharge positions when in use, depending on if you are at sea or in port. Use common sense.
Nothing shall go into the head that hasn’t been eaten first.
Switch valve to 1. flush and pump a few times to wet the bowl.
Use the head and continue 2. pumping until waste disappears, plus at least 10 additional pumps to clear waste from lines. Toilet paper only in small quantities, at a time.
Marine Head - Holding tank requires a separate system for pumping overboard.
Marine Radio Procedures 22
Standard FCC Rules No profanity 1. Yield to any priority call. 2. 3 minute limit per call. 3. 10 minute intermission 4. between conversations. 2 minute wait between 5. unanswered calls to a maximum of 3 tries, then wait 15 minutes before trying again. Important: Conversations are 6. prohibited on Channel 16. Switching to a talking channel is not a conversation.
VHF-FM
Very High FrequencyFrequency Modulation
ControlsOn/Off VolumeSquelch - SensitivityHigh/Low Power Setting - 25 Watt MaximumChannel Selector - Up to 55 ChannelsHandset: Push-to-Talk Button
Coast Guard Official Emergency Channels16 Distress and Calling 6 Backup Emergency Channel 22 Coast Guard Working Channel
Ship to Ship Channels Intership Communications Channels 68-72
Priority Calls(Broadcast to all stations)
#1 Distress Mayday - Life and/or property in immediate danger.#2 Urgent Pan Pan - Same but not immediate. #3 Safety to Navigation - Securite Information regarding dangers to safe navigation
Distress Message 1. Position 2. Problem 3. Assistance Required (if appropriate) 4. Descriptive Information - Type and color of vessel, persons on board, signaling devices to be used.
Weather (WX) Channels1 & 2 Los Angeles and San Diego 3-6 Computer voice recording changes several times/day
Stopping a Boat Under Sail 23
Approachingamooringbyluffinghas the advantage that you can maneuver the boat by sheeting in if needed.
The above techniques may be used any time you want to stop your boat. Also for dropping a single anchor.
(See page 11 for Man Overboard)
Heave to
By Going Into Irons
By Backwinding
By Luffing
Basic Sailing Course Quizzes 24
This workbook is designed to help you learn and to point out areas where you need more study. Your score on each quiz is not as important as your opportunity to findoutthecorrectanswerstothequestions you missed!!
Whiletheterminologyinthefirstquizzes is important for you to understand, there will be few terminology questions on the finalexam.Youwillneedtounderstand the terms if used in a sentence on the boat.
Diagram for Sailing Quiz No. 1A 25
This diagram has some problems but give it a try, then check the answers. You can use it to quiz yourself on the various parts of the boat before coming to Labs.
For each situation:Write in as many letters from each column as are appropriate.
Points of Sail Wind Direction TacksA. Beat H. Dead Ahead O. No TackB. Run I. Dead Astern P. PortC. Beam Reach J. Abeam S. StarboardD. Close Reach K. Off the BowE. Broad Reach L. Off the QuarterF. In IronsG. Close Hauled
Basic Sailing Quiz No. 2A 27
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Basic Sailing Quiz No. 2B 28
1. On which point of sail do we not receive aerodynamic lift?_______________________________
2. Which knot makes a loop which does not slip?_____________________________
3. The boat is pointed in which direction when we raise the
Mainsail? ___________________________ Jib? ________________________________
4. What three things must be released before we attempt to raise the mainsail?
1._____________________2._______________________3.__________________________
5.WhatisthefirstitemwelookforwhenwecharteranAventuravessel?
__________________________________________________________________________
6.Howdowetiehalyardswhenfinishedwithaboathavinghalyardsoutsidethemast?
__________________________________________________________________________
7. The point of sail in the opposite direction from a beat is:_________________________________
8. When a boat’s sails are in tight, the point-of-sail is:_____________________________________
9. When sailing close hauled and the sails luff, you should: ________________________________
10. If you are on course, reaching, and the sails luff, you should: ____________________________
11.Whentheoutside(leeward)telltaleontheluffofthejibbeginstoflap,thesailsaretrimmed:
__________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the boat’s tack if the mainsail is on the left side of the boat?______________________
13. What are three ways to stop a boat under sail?
1._____________________2._______________________3._____________________
14. What is the difference between a gybe and coming about?
_________________________________________________________________
Basic Sailing Quiz No. 3 29
Rules Of The Road / Aids To Navigation_____1.Whichofthefollowingdefinitionsarecorrect?
a. Power vessel - Any vessel propelled by machinery including sailing vessel under sail and power.b. Danger Zone - Area from dead ahead to two points abaft the starboard beam of a vessel under power.c. Underway - Not at anchor, aground, nor made fast to the shore.d. All of the above.
_____2. A stand on vessel (privileged vessel)a. Can run at night without worrying about other boats.b. Must maintain course and speed.c. Must give two prolonged blasts to warn other vessels away.d. Must keep clear of burdened vessels.
_____3. What are the duties of a give way (burdened) vessel?a. Increase speed and cross well ahead of the other vessel.b. Take action to keep out of the way, usually by passing astern of the stand on vessel.c. Use the general prudential rule so that neither vessel has the right of way.d. All of the above. .
_____4. Auxiliaries, when driven by motor or sail, shall display lights of a sailboat only. (T or F )_____5. Running lights must be shown from 6am to sunset. (T or F )_____6. The closer hauled vessel will always be to leeward if the relative bearing is unchanging. ( T or F )
_____7. You are inside the harbor, sailing downwind on a starboard tack, and are in danger of colliding with another vessel sailing upwind on a port tack. Which of the following is true?
a. You maintain course and speed so he can avoid you.b. You should give two blasts on your horn and keep to the right.c. You should take action to keep clear of other vessels.d. You give one blast on your horn and wait for his answer.
_____8. In restricted waters, a smaller vessel gives way to a larger vessel when the larger vessel has limited maneuverability. (T or F ) .
_____9. When the wind is on the same side for two sailboats, the closer hauled vessel has the right of way. The Give Way (burdened) vessel is:
a. the vessel to windwardb. the vessel to leewardc. the higher pointing vessel to the windd. both a and c
Basic Sailing Quiz No.3 (Cont’d) 30
Rules Of The Road / Aids To Navigation (Cont’d)
_____10. A stand on vessel may give way to a give way vessel if he wishes. (T or F )
_____11. A stand on vessel must take action to avoid a collision when action by the give way vessel cannot avoid collision. (T or F )_____12. A 32 point light is visible all around the horizon or 360°. (T or F )_____13. Red and green side lights shall show:
_____14. You are on a collision course with another vessel and will have right of way: a. The rules will force you to stand on if you get close enough together.
b. The rules don’t go into effect until there is danger of collision.c. You may change course early before there is dangerd. All of the above.
_____ 15. Under the International Rules, which is correct?a. Sailing vessels do not indicate their course or intended action in passing by whistle signals.b. Sailing vessels under sail and power are considered power vessels.c. Sailing vessels under sail alone do not have the right of way when:
I. overtaking a power vessel.II. in a narrow channel where the other vessel can only navigate safely within that channel.III.whenanothervesselisengagedinfishingwithnets,lines,ortrawls.
d. All of the above
_____ 16. What would be recognized as a danger signal in all areas?a. Three distinct blasts.b. Five or more short blasts.c. Four short blasts.d. Two long, followed by two short blasts.
Basic Sailing Quiz No.3 (Cont’d) 31
Write the letters from each column that answer each of the following situations.
17 ___________
18 ___________
19 ___________
20 ___________
21 ___________
22 ___________
23 ___________
24 ___________
Relative Bearing
For each of the following sailing situations, assume the wind is from the top of the page, you are on the course indicated under sail alone, and you see the light indicated on a relative bearing from you that does not change. (Hint: draw in the other vessel or make yourself a model boat.)
You are the boat shown; He is the light shown; the Line is the bearing from you to him.
Who has the Right of Way? Why?a. He doesb. You do
c. You are on starboard tackd. He is on starboard tacke. You are closer hauled (leeward)f. He is closer hauled (leeward)g. It is an overtaking situation
Sailing Equipment - Operations Checklist 33
It is extremely important that you personally and individually perform each of the operations listed below. You cannot properly learn how to operate the various pieces of equipment on a boat by watching someone else. If you feel hesitant about any function do it until you no longer feel hesitant.
Sails and RiggingMain Halyard – Raise and lower the main, Starboard.
Jib Roller Furling –Practice
Main & Jib Sheets – let it out until it luffs and then pullitinuntilitjustbarelystopsluffing.
“Whenindoubtletitout”“ifit’sluffingyou’re loafing,gettowork” ReefMain–Tackfirst,thenclew.Shortenssail for stronger winds.
Boomvang - Release for setting sail, leave it loose.
Downhaul - Release anything that holds or pulls the boom or sail down.
Topping Lift - Make sure it’s loose after sail is up.
FurlingMain-Properlyaccordionfold(flake)and secure with gaskets.Secure Sails – Prevents noisy halyards and keepssailsfromfillingthemselves.
Main - Clip shackle away from the mast.
Jib - Secure Roller Furling.
KnotsReef Knot - For gaskets with a quick release/half bow.
Cleat Hitch - Make a bridge over the railroad tracks
Figure 8 Knot – Stopper knot for the end of sheets (or any rope)
Tautline Hitch – Slipknot for tying fenders; also used to tie halyards away from mast.
Bowline–Loopinalinethatdoesnotslip,forjib sheets or rescue loop.
Engine and systemsFind the boat manual. Start engine using checklist on page 12.
Bilge and Bilge Pump - Find the handle and pump it.
Engine Controls - Practice shifting; get a feel for the controls with engine running.
Tautline Hitch Bowline
Reef Knot Cleat Hitch
Figure 8 Knot
Sailing Lab Procedures 34
1. Boat ManualFind the boat manual and turn to the page labeled Boat Manual.
2. Engine Starting ProceduresThefirstthingtodoalwayswhencheckingoutaboatistostarttheengine to make sure it works. If the electrical system/engine fails to work, you will need to change boats.
Engine starting requires two checklists. The Seven Engine Starting Steps, which you are memorizing, is your primary guide (in the manual and on page 12 in your syllabus). Use this together with the engine operations section of the boat manual. One person should read this aloud to the group while the group is following the procedures!!
3. Discrepancy Report FormBeginfillingoutyourDiscrepancyReportFormwiththeenginehourmeter reading as noted in the manual. Report any discrepancies foundin the space provided on the front and back.
4. Sails And RiggingCheck out how the sails and rigging are operated. Each boat is different and it may help you to actually raise and douse the sails while in the slip. Sails must be down and secured before boat leaves the slip.
5. Engine ControlsWhile the engine is running, each person should practice usingthe engine controls. Always idle when shifting!! Put the shifter in forward and reverse and experiment with the throttle. Remember, the next time you do this may be for real and you want to have the feel for it. (The boat should be securely tied in the slip for this practice. If it moves around, tighten the dock lines and secure with a proper cleat hitch.)
Review the Operations Checklist in Your SyllabusIf there is anything you’ve missed, take this opportunity to do it. Also review the knots listed on that sheet.
Other ChecklistsTime permitting, go over the other checklists in your Syllabus,becoming familiar with the location of equipment and particularly emergencyitems.Again,thisismostefficientlydoneifonepersonreads the manual aloud and the rest of the crew scrambles around the boat. Note any discrepancies on the Discrepancy Report Form.
Extra TimeIf you feel you need extra time to explore and experiment with theequipmentontheboats(justabouteveryonecanbenefitfromuseofsuchextratime),youmaycheckoutakeyfromtheAventuraofficeduring business hours and take time to practice on boats which may be sitting at the dock.
At the beginning of each sailing lab, you will be allowed about 20 minutes on board your vessel to accomplish a number of things.
It is important that you spend this time productively because as soon as the undocking procedures begin, you will need to be familiar with the boat’s controls and equipment.
Basic Exam #1A
3 Backstay 12 Leech 16 Ballast 5 Lower Shroud 43 Batten 23 Luff 17 Boom 46 Main Halyard 4 Boomvang 1 Main Mast 25 Bow 28 Mainsail 7 Cabin 27 Mainsheet 26 Chainplate 47 Outhaul 35 Clew 24 Port Side 31 Cockpit 45 Port Beam 8 Companionway Hatch 29 Rail 22 Dead Astern 49 Reef Clew 40 Deck 30 Reef Tack 14 Downhaul 11 Rudder 41 Foot 15 Spreader 21 Foredeck Hatch 20 Starboard Side 13 Forestay/Headstay 34 Starboard Bow6 Head of Sail 32 Starboard Quarter37 Hull 44 Stern 50 Jib Halyard 42 Tack33 Jibsail 9 Tiller10 Jibsheet 39 Topping Lift48 Jibsheet Fairlead (Jiblead) 36 Turnbuckle38 Jibsheet Winch 18 Upper Shroud2 Keel 19 Water Line
Basic Exam Answers 35
Basic Exam #1B
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Basic Exam #3
1 D2 B3 B4 F5 F6 T7 A8 T9 A10 F11 T12 T13 C14 D15 D16 B17 AF18 AF19 BE20 BC or AF21 AD or BE22 BC23 BE or AD24 AG
Basic Exam #2A1 DKS2 AGKS3 AGKP4 DKP5 FHO6 CJS7 ELS8 BIP9 ELP10 CJP11 BIS
Basic Exam #2B1 Run2 Bowline3 a. Into the Wind b Off the Wind4 a. Main Sheet b. Boomvang c. Downhaul5 Boat Manual6 a. Away from the mast b. Main Starboard/Jib Port c. To pulpit with a Tautline Hitch7. Broad Reach
8 Beat/Close Hauled9 Fall Off10Sheetinuntilsailjustfills.11 Too tight (close)12 Starboard13 a. Go into irons b. Luff the sails c. Backwind14 Come about tacks into the wind Gybe tacks away from the wind or Come about - bow points through the eye of the wind Gybe - stern points through the eye of the wind.
Marine Systems - Diesel Engine Cooling System 36
Raw Water Intake
Raw Water Through-Hull Fitting
Raw Water Through-Hull FittingUnder Water
Sea Strainer
Raw Water Intake
To Raw Water PumpSeacock
Sea Strainer
Sea Water Pump
Sea StrainerRaw Water
Intake
Heat Exchanger
Water LiftMuffler
ExhaustHose
ExhaustOutletSpillover
ExhaustOutlet
Anti-SiphonValve
Normal Water Level
Sea Water Pump
Deck Level
Maneuvering Under Power 37
ForwardNeutral
Reverse
IdleMediumFast
Shift Throttle
Helm Wheel
Fugga Oui’s Helm
I’m In Reverse1. Keep It Straight2. Get On Aboard3. Fend the Bow4.
F = Forward (Transmission in Forward)W = Wheel (Turn Wheel 45% the Other Way)P = Power (Apply Medium Power)
When Boat’s Mast is in Center of Aisle:W = Wheel (Turn Wheel Hard Right to Kick Stern to the Left - Leave it There!)R = Reverse (Transmission in Reverse)P = Power (Medium Power to Suck Stern to the Left)F = Forward (Transmission in Forward to avoid backing up.)P = Power (Medium Power to Keep Boat in Motion)
ALWAYS IDLE WHEN SHIFTING!