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Basics of Hematological analysis
By
Prof. Mahmoud Rushdi Assiut University
Egypt
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Hematology may be defined as the scientificstudy of the structure and function of theblood in health and disease. Hematologytherefore is a laboratory science in which wequantitatively and qualitatively observe thedifferent components of blood in order todiagnose a great variety of diseases.
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Blood Components
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Types of blood sample
Whole blood SerumPlasma
Blood smear
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Complete blood count
Determination of total erythrocytic count (T/l)
Determination of Hemoglobin concentration (g/l)
Determination of Haematocrit value (PCV %)
Mean corpuscular values (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
Determination of erythrocytes morphology
I. Parameters of Erythrocytes picture
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Total erythrocytes counts
Manual
Hemocytometer
Automatic
Blood Cell Counter
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Hemoglobin concentrations
Acid Hematin Method
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Blood Cell Counter
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Mean corpuscular values
1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
MCV (fl) =
PCV % x 10
RBC count /μl
2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
MCH (pg) =Hb. g/dl x 10
RBC count /μl
3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concenration (MCHc)
MCHC (g/dl) =Hb. g/dl x 100
PCV %
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II. The White blood cells (RBCs)
Leucocytes or white blood cells are divided into two
main categories:
1.Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes
(granulocytes): Neutrophils, Eosinophils and
Basophils (Produced in the bone marrow).
2.Mononuclear leucocytes (agranulocytes):
Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
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A. Neutrophils
PhagocytosisThe 1st line of cellular defense
Engulf pyogenic bacteria
Elaborate powerful proteolytic enzymes
Granulocytes
Band cell
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
A. Chemotaxis ----Lymphokines
B. Opsonization
C. Ingestion
D. Digestion
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b. Eosinophils
Detoxification of protein breaks down products
Neutralize Histaminesubstances
Destroy larval stage of parasite in tissues
Granulocytes
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C. Basophils
Release histamine
Release heparin – Stimulate lipoprotein lipase – clearance of Lipemia
Granulocytes
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AgranulocytesA. Lymphocytes
Large lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
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AgranulocytesB. Monocytes
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1- Phagocytosis
2- increase in chronic inflammation and tissue necrosis
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PARAMETERS OF LEUCOCYTES PICTURE
Total WBCs count
Hemocytometer
Blood Cell Counter
Differential LC
Blood film
Blood Cell Counter
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III. Platelet count (Thrombocytes count)
Platelets in mammals are fragments that contain small pink-red granules. Shed into the blood from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
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Tests of hemostasis
Like all circulating blood cells, platelets are bone marrow derived. The first recognizable platelet precursor is the megakaryoblast, which undergo endomitosis (nuclear division without cytoplasmic division) to form megakaryocytes.
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On routine blood film, platelets are recognized as small anucleate discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing variable numbers of purple granules.
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Platelet Lifespan
As with all other circulating cells. the platelet has a finite circulating lifespan. Dog platelets circulate for approximately 5-7 days. While cat platelets survive only a little more than a day. Cells of the monocytes and macrophages are responsible for the removal of effete platelets. Nearly half are removed by splenic macrophages and a third by macrophages of the liver.
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Methods of counting
1. Direct methoda. Haemocytometer. b. Automatic blood cell counter.
2. Indirect method: blood film.
The platelets per oil immersion field on a stained blood smear are counted and compared with the number of red or white cells. For example, the number of platelets per 100 white blood cells multiplied by the total white count is an estimate of the platelet count. Another method is to simply count the number of platelets per oil immersion field where one /oil is equivalent to 15,000/ul.
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5. Platelet count (Thrombocytes)
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Handouts of the Lecture is available on
www.scholaridea.com/handoutswebsiteThe Video of the Lecture
is Available on Scholar Idea
Channel on YouTube24
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