Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Shane DuffyProduct Development EngineerProduct Manager
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Agenda
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• A network is defined as an interconnection of computing devices
• Network types– Personal Area Network (PAN)– Local Area Network (LAN)– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)– Wide Area Network (WAN)
Ethernet IntroductionThe Basics
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Ethernet defines the wiring and signalling standards for the Physical Layer.– Network access at the Media Access
Control(MAC)/Data link Layer– Common addressing format
Transmission MediaCat5e/Cat6 twisted pairsSingle Mode / Multi Mode fibre
Ethernet IntroductionWhat is Ethernet
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
www.ieee.org
“Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, international non-profit, professional organisation for the advancement of technology related to electricity”
IEE Standards affect a wide range of industries including:Information TechnologyTelecommunicationsBiomedical & HealthcareTransportationPower & Energy
Active portfolio of 1300 standards and projects under development.
•IEEE 802: LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the –IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard–IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard
Ethernet IntroductionIEEE Standards – IEEE 802
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet IntroductionCabling
Coaxial cable
Unshielded twisted pair
Fiber optic
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet IntroductionCabling Categories
Category 1 Voice only (Telephone)
Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps
Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (Token ring)
Category 5Category 5e
Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)Data to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
Category 6Category 6a
Data to 2500 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)Data to 10000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet IntroductionCabling – RJ45 Connectors
RJ45 Crimp RJ45 Crimping tool
Note 1 - Pair 1 and 4 are not used for 10Mb or 100Mb but are used for 1Gb and 10Gb Ethernet Note 2 - Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Mid Span uses pair 1 and 4 to deliver 48vdc to power connected devices instead of running separate power to the device. PoE End Span uses the pairs 2 and 3 (Active Pair)
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet IntroductionCabling – Fibre Connectors
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIEEE Standards – IEEE 802
SC ST
LC
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingOSI Model
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingOSI Model
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
LinkLink
OSI ModelOSI Model TCP/IP TCP/IP ProtocolsProtocols
HTTPHTTP SMTPSMTP POP3POP3 FTPFTP ……
TCPTCP UDPUDP
IPIP
ETHERNETETHERNET PPP PPP ……
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface cardNetwork Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. RoutingTransport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hostsApplication Layer : handles the details of the particular application
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Data is sent down the protocol stack• Each layer will at to the packet by prepending headers
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
LinkLink
DataData
DataDataTCP/UDPheader
TCP/UDPheader
DataDataTCP/UDPheader
TCP/UDPheader
IPheader
IPheader
DataDataTCP/UDPheader
TCP/UDPheader
IPheader
IPheader
FrameheaderFrameheader
FrametrailerFrametrailer
AddressingProtocol Stack
Application Data
TCP segment / UDP packet
IP Datagram
22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes
64 to 1500 BytesPhysicalPhysicalNetwork Frame
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Layer 2 communication– Computer <-> Computer on same network– Each device has unique MAC address (48 bits)
• 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E
AddressingLayer 2 Addressing
00 0E BE 12 D4 0E
48 BITS
24 BITS
ORGANIZATIONALLY UNIQUE IDENTIFIER (OUI)
24 BITS
UNIQUE DEVICE ID
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP – Address Resolution Protocol– Low level network protocol– Layer 2 OSI Model– Used by Internet Protocol (IP) to map IP network
address to the hardware address used by the data link protocol
AddressingARP
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP Request• ARP Reply
• Broadcast ARP– To all machines on LAN FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Who has 192.168.0.12?
– Device with 192.168.0.12 will reply• Its me, 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E
• ARP Cache stores list of mappings
AddressingARP Messaging
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv4 Addressing
• 32-bit number in “dotted-quad” notation– www.bb-elec.com --- 174.143.40.161
10101110 10001111 0101000 10100001
Network (16 bits) Host (16 bits)
174 143 40 161
• Problem: 232 addresses is a lot of table entries 4,294,967,296
• Solution: Routing based on network and host
– 174.143.0.0/16 is a 16-bit prefix with 216 IP addresses
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv4 Classful subnetting
Network ID Host ID
8 16
Class A
32
0
Class B 10
Class C 110
24
/8 blocks (e.g., MIT has 18.0.0.0/8)
/16 blocks (e.g., Georgia Tech has 130.207.0.0/16)
/24 blocks (e.g., AT&T Labs has 192.20.225.0/24)
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv4 Solutions to routing table growth
• Get rid of global addresses– NAT
• Get more addresses– IPv6
• Change route aggregation strategies– Classless Interdomain routing
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv4 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
IP Address: 209.85.128.5 “Mask”: 255.255.128.0
11010001 01010101 10000000 00000101
11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000
Use two 32-bit numbers to represent a network. Network number = IP address + Mask
Example: Google Prefix: 209.85.128.0/17
Address no longer specifies network ID range.New forwarding trick: Longest Prefix Match
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingCIDR aggregation
• Efficiency: Can allocate blocks of prefixes on a finer granularity
• Hierarchy: Prefixes can be aggregated into supernets. (Not always done. Typically not, in fact.)
Customer 1
Customer 2
Colt Telecom Internet
12.20.249.0/24
12.20.231.0/2412.0.0.0/8
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• 32bit to 128bit Addressing– IPv4 IPv6
• 4,294,967,296 340,282,366,920,938,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000
• Easy address auto-configuration• Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec
(NATs no longer needed)
AddressingIPv4 to IPv6
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv4 to IPv6
• 128-bit addresses– Top 48-bits: Public Routing Topology (PRT)
• 3 bits for aggregation• 13 bits for TLA (like “tier-1 ISPs”)• 8 reserved bits• 24 bits for NLA
– 16-bit Site Identifier: aggregation within an AS– 64-bit Interface ID: 48-bit Ethernet + 16 more bits
– Pure provider-based addressing• Changing ISPs requires renumbering
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
AddressingIPv6
IP ServiceIP Service IPv4 SolutionIPv4 Solution IPv6 SolutionIPv6 Solution
Mobile IP with Direct Routing
Mobile IP with Direct Routing
DHCPDHCP
Mobile IPMobile IP
IGMP/PIM/Multicast BGP
IGMP/PIM/Multicast BGP
IP MulticastIP Multicast MLD/PIM/Multicast BGP,Scope IdentifierMLD/PIM/Multicast
BGP,Scope Identifier
MobilityMobility
AutoconfigurationAutoconfigurationServerless,
Reconfiguration, DHCPServerless,
Reconfiguration, DHCP
32-bit, Network Address Translation
32-bit, Network Address Translation
128-bit, MultipleScopes
128-bit, MultipleScopes
Addressing RangeAddressing Range
Quality-of-ServiceQuality-of-Service Differentiated Service, Integrated Service
Differentiated Service, Integrated Service
Differentiated Service, Integrated Service
Differentiated Service, Integrated Service
SecuritySecurity IPSec Mandated, works End-to-EndIPSec Mandated,
works End-to-EndIPSecIPSec
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Where is IPv6 now?– Tick the box excersise for sales
• World IPv6 Day. 8th June 2011 • Comcast• Google• Yahoo• Facebook• Youtube• Akamai• Microsoft Bing• AOL• Cisco• Mastercard• BBC
AddressingIPv6
There were more than 400 participants included some of the biggest destinations on the Internet, CDNs, ISPs, Large content providers.
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol– Standard protocol– Defined by RFC 1541 (Superseded by RFC 2131)– Created by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Runs over UDP– Port 67 – Connections to Server– Port 68 – Connections to Client– Uses client-server model
ServicesDHCP
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP Server has address pool of available addressess
• Client initiates interaction with DHCPDISCOVER
• Server returns DHCPOFFER• Client confirms with DHCPREQUEST• ACK , NAK, DECLINE, RELEASE
ServicesDHCP
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP gives the device– IP Address and Subnet Mask– Gateway Address– DNS servers– NTP (Time Sync)– ++ More options
ServicesDHCP
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• www.bb-elec.com 174.143.40.161
• Provides mapping from ASCII domain names to IP addresses– Hierarchical naming system.– The set of names is divided into mutually exclusive parts.
• Supplies mechanism for global data storage and information retrieval.
• Most important principles:– Distributed system – set of servers sharing information.– Efficiency - most of the requests resolved by local servers.
• Use of Caching.
– Reliability – works even if some of the servers fail.
ServicesDNS
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
ServicesDNS
root
orgcom gov net
bb-elecibm
www mail
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• SD-MacBook-Pro:~ ShaneDuffy$ dig www.bb-elec.com
• ; <<>> DiG 9.6.0-APPLE-P2 <<>> www.bb-elec.com
• ;; QUESTION SECTION:• ;www.bb-elec.com. IN A
• ;; ANSWER SECTION:• www.bb-elec.com. 900 IN A 174.143.40.161
• ;; Query time: 2208 msec• ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)• ;; WHEN: Thu Jun 16 09:07:46 2011• ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 49
ServicesDNS
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• The resolver sends a DNS request message over UDP to a local domain name server.
• DNS caches store data for a short time defined by TTL on the Record.
• When a name server does not have the requested information,it starts at longest match on query name it has when looking for data.
• The root server knows the IP address of each second-level domain name server.
• Every server knows how to reach servers that are authorities for names further down the hierarchy.
• The resolver follows delegations until it receives an answer.
ServicesDNS
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Private Address Space– 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 /24 256– 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 /16 16– 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 /8 1– 127.0.0.0/8
• RFC 1918• Network Address Translation
– Static and Dynamic
• Port Address Translation
ServicesNAT
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
ServicesNAT
Static NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping of local and global addresses.
Dynamic NAT is designed to map a private IP address to a public address.
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
ServicesNAT
PAT uses unique source port numbers on the inside global IP address to distinguish between translations.
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• NAT can be static or dynamic• Uses a set of predefined private addresses• Conserves legal IPv4 addresses• NAT plus PAT often used • PAT uses unique source port numbers on the
inside global IP address to distinguish between translations
• Provides a level of security
ServicesNAT
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Hub• Switch• Router• Bridge • Gateway (Protocols)• Firewalls
Infrastructure DevicesDevice types
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Layer 2 – Physical Topology– Physical– Topology– STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)– VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)
• Layer 3 – Logical Topology– Routing
Redundancy in network designDevice types
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Routing– External
• BGP• IS-IS
– Internal• OSPF• IS-IS• RIP
Wide Area NetworksRouting
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Virtual Private Networks (VPN)– SSL– PPTP– L2TP– IPSec
Wide Area NetworksVirtual Private Networks
LAN LAN
Internet
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP• PING• TRACEROUTE• TELNET• NSLOOKUP / DIG• WHOIS• WIRESHARK
Tools & Trouble ShootingTools
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Are hosts online? (ping)• How do you get to hosts? (traceroute)• What are hosts running? (nmap, angryip)• “The network is slow” (Netspeed, iperf)• DHCP and DNS (nslookup/dig)• Packet sniffing (wireshark)
Tools & Trouble ShootingTrouble Shooting
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• 3G Router & VPN
ApplicationsRemote CCTV Monitoring
Remote CCTV Monitoring Station
Internet
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
TrainingWhere Next
To infinity and beyond!
Thank you!
Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• CompTIA Network+
• Talk to your B&B Electronics contacts we have a wide range of knowledge.
• We can also deliver more training if required.
TrainingFurther Training