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Because good research needs good data
Funded by:
© Digital Curation Centre, 2009. Licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 2.5 Scotland:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/scotland/
Perspectives on Digital Curation, Data and PublishingWhy, How, Where?
Kevin Ashley
Director, DCC
•High Heid Yin,
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
DATA
PUBLISHING
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
TURN into a diagram
• Idea – funding – collection – analysis - publish
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Overview
• Why care about citing and/or referencing data?• Data is different – and that matters• Approaches, and their strengths & weaknesses
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#1
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
LIDAR & RADAR images of ice cloud – H. Ruschennberg
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#2
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
142010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
02468
101214161820
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
University funding – the future is scary
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
“The Data Behind The Graph”
• Data in support of publication should be as accessible as the publication itself
• Allows challenge, replication, understanding• Often undertaken by publishers, or ventures
associated with them• Sometimes ‘associated items’ to DOI of paper,
sometimes objects with own DOI
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Integrity goes further…
• The data that I publish is not always the data that I collected
• Sometimes, that matters
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#3
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Impact
• Making data accessible increases citation rates• Better for authors; better for publishers• Piwowar, Day & Fridsma (2007):
• 45% of studies make data accessible• They receive 85% of citations
• Caution: correlation is not causation
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#4
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
I ♥ your data!
I don’t ♥ what you said about it.
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
E.G…..
• Your data on rock types of Crete supported a publication in a geological journal
• Your data on rock types of Crete supports my theory about the sources of pigments used on Minoan pottery
• I won’t be publishing in a geological journal• Your conclusions about events 1 billion years ago
have no relevance for me
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#5
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Understanding Biodiversity
• We don’t understand what drives it• What helps, hinders speciation• We believe it to be good• No one project or data source is enough
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Research on Biodiversity…
• Requires many different data sources• Not all will be published• Not all publications are for similar research
reasons, so…• Citing the publication is (often) irrelevant• Some is research data, other government or
reference data• There are probably gaps that need filling
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
WHY
CARE?
#6
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
People’s lives may depend on it
• Watch Josh Sommer @ SAGE Bionetworks
http://sagecongress.org/WP/presentations
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Data
Is
Different
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Where can it happen
Global, international
Nationally
InstitutionBy Subject
Research Group
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Approaches at publication
• Giving data digital object identifiers (DOI)• E.g. DataCite• Capturing data subsets at point of publication• Freezing those subsets somewhere• Publication-led approach
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Who are the actors
• Scholars, librarians, publishers…• … aren’t enough• They aren’t even the only people doing this now.• They are a very big part of the answer, though• Curation happens before, after, without,
publication
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
One datacenter: NOAA• General form for citing published World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data:
• Anderson, D.W., W.L. Prell, and N.J. Barratt. 1989. Estimates of sea surface temperature in the Coral Sea at the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 4(6):615-627. Data archived at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
• General form for citing unpublished World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data: • Rind, D. 1994. General Circulation Model Output Data Set. IGBP PAGES/World
Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #1994-012. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
• Citation for Data archived via a Data Cooperative: • McAndrews, J.H. 1996. Martin Pond pollen record. In E.C. Grimm et al., editors,
North American Pollen Database. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
• Citation for group of contributors that is too large to cite individually:• Contributors of the International Tree-Ring Data Bank, IGBP PAGES/World Data
Center for Paleoclimatology, NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
But data changes, and is big
• When many publications use bits of one dataset…
• When a dataset changes hourly….• … and is petabyte-sized• …snapshots don’t cut it• They also lose context of original
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Publication A Publication C Publication DPublication B
Data Object AData Object B Data Object C Data Object D
Original Source Data
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Data Management vs Curation
• UC3 view• “Curation value can be added… by enabling
creative use, reuse, in whole or part or in aggregation…”
• Facilitate by:• Persistent citation & actionable reference• Discovery of content & contextual description• Annotation for enriched description
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Citing big data accurately
• Don’t make copies – keep change records• Create reference mechanisms that allow
reference to a specific change point• C.f. ‘Memento’ technique for referencing web
pages• Requires cooperation between curator &
referencer
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0 Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
Row F1 F2 F3 F4
1 2.3 Y M 0
2 1 N F 0
3 3 N F 0
4 2 Y M 300
5 4 N f 0
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
On Citing Data
• Peter Buneman. How to cite curated databases and how to make them citable. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management, pages 195-203, July 2006
• Some serious computer science – some for a very general audience
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Buneman’s desiderata
• Let C be a citation, <C> the thing cited• D1: For any citation C, <C> shall be fixed• D2: Any citable thing T should contain a C such
that <C> = T• D3: Databases should be citable at multiple levels
of coarseness• D4: If C and P are citations and <P> is coarser
than <C>, then location info in P should be in C• D5: Versioning is done at database level
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Acknowledgements
• De Spullenmannen & Harmen G Zijp (http://www.spullenmannen.nl/)
• Jaxa.jp (satellite image)• NOAA• NDAD/Crown Copyright/Happy Computers Ltd
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4th Bloomsbury Conference on e-publishing, UCL, London – 20100624 Kevin Ashley, DCC CC-BY-SA
Summary
• Thinking of data solely as adjunct to publication is too narrow a view
• Current practice may not extend easily• Data is often living – treat it as such• There’s more to the world than scholarly research• Hidden data is wasted data