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Beginning your Adventures in Electronics: Arduino
Jaroslaw LupinskiNYCResistor Teacher: Beyond
Arduino
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The Recent Revolution
• Arduino has dominated the market
• Low-cost, easy to use• Less hardware logic,
more software• Programmed in C++
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What is the Arduino
• Easy to use platform• Ease of programming• Simple USB interface• Modifiable IDE• Many shields available
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Components of the Arduino
• ATMega168/328• 16MHz crystal/filtering
capacitors• Onboard power
regulators• FTDI USB <-> Serial Chip• Hardware
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Schematic
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Necessary parts for any circuit
• ATMega168/328• The ‘brains’ of the
Arduino• Program is loaded onto
the chip• Runs main loop until
power is removed• That’s it! All other parts
are optional!
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Optional parts: Timing• 16Mhz Crystal• The ‘heartbeat’ of the
ATMega chip• Speed of crystal
determines chip speed• Possible to
over/underclock depending on application
• ATMega series has onboard oscillator; less precise
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Power Supply
• 5 Volt and 3.3 Volt Regulators
• Filtering capacitors• Automatic switching
between external and USB Power
• Leave it out if you have a filtered 5 Volt power supply
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FTDI USB Chip
• Allows your Arduino to communicate with your computer over a simple USB link
• Abstraction• Only necessary for
communicating with USB
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Hardware
• Circuit Board• Headers• USB port• Sockets• All optional, use them if you need them
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Two methods of using the Arduino
• Working with the Arduino to solve a problem
• Temporary solution• One time only
• Prototyping with the Arduino to solve a need
• Preparing a product for market
• Mass production
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Phases of Circuit Design
Arduino Approach•Idea•Sketch•Read datasheets•Gather materials•Prototype•Testing•Optional ---------------->
Stand-alone approach•Idea•Sketch•Read datasheets•Gather materials•Prototype•Testing•Refining•Testing•Release to manufacture
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Using the Arduino as a Prototyping Platform
• You can prototype using an Arduino, and skip many steps from the stand-alone approach
• Use the Arduino to develop your product
• When your planned circuit works, skip straight into stand-alone product testing
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Idea
• Problem to be solved• Market need to be filled• “Necessity is the
mother of all invention.”
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Sketch
• Draw out what you need to do to solve your problem
• No need to get technical, rough ideas and abstractions will suffice
• Take constraints into consideration: Size, budget, audience
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Optional step: Present
• If the project requires substantial resources (funding, rare materials/components), you will need to create a presentation
• Venture capitalists• Crowd-sourcing• Material Sourcing
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Read datasheets/Gather materials
• Start turning sketch into reality
• Read about chips/parts that are available
• Examine options for unavailable/non-existent parts
• Order materials
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Prototype
• Using protoshield or long jumper wires, develop your solution
• Attach external chips, sensors, circuits
• Leave breadboarded or solder permanently
• Most hands-on part, usually taught in labs or dedicated classes
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Side-note: How to learn to prototype
• Desire• Choose a project that
appeals to you• Easier to rebuild an
existing circuit, or have an experienced tutor for your first design
• Time-Cost/Experience tradeoff: Premade kits are less expensive, but may teach less technical skills
• Example of good first projects to complete by yourself:– Digital Clock– Basic Robot
• Good projects to complete with a tutor:– Nixie tube clock– Advanced Robot
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Testing
• Does it fulfill it’s purpose?
• Can it be optimized?• Can you add/remove
features? (consider cost)
• Have friends, family, colleagues break it!
• Debugging
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Creating a Stand-alone Product
• Sketch out Arduino circuit
• Eliminate unnecessary/ redundant components• Add broken-down
Arduino circuit back into design
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Side-Note: Making your own shield
• Depending on your audience, you may choose this route
• Best of both worlds approach
• Assurance that it will work with any Arduino: The Mac Approach
• Limited to Arduino-owning market
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That’s the great thing about Arduino
• Programming an identical chip with the same Arduino code will result in identical execution
• No need for complicated IDE, porting code
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Using EAGLE to design your circuit
• Powerful schematic capture tool
• Integrated circuit board design tool• Free version’s
limitations are enough for a shield
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Lay out the circuit board• Position
components using electrical engineering principles
• There aren’t many, but there are a few critical ones
• Power supply splitting, Star Ground, Ground plane, EMI
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Take your time laying out the board
• Most designers spend ~5-10 hours laying out a simple shield!
• Personal preferences, aesthetic appeal, ease of use, ease of manufacturing
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Send circuit board out for production
• Research fabrication houses
• Compare rates, lead times, shipping
• Consider assembly
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Marketing
• Kickstarter!• Word of mouth• Reach out to
hackerspaces/hacker fairs
• Get people talking about it!
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Cost Analysis• Determining costs is usually
done at the idea phase• Spreadsheets!• Excel is your friend• Understand that prices rise
and fall, stock is depleted and replenished, and suppliers may fail to deliver
• The longer it takes to develop, the more variables will develop
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Start selling your product!
• Keep up to date on your products status
• Twitter, Facebook, Blogs, News
• Every product is 1% inspiration, 9% perspiration, and 90% marketing!
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Congratulations!
• You are now a marketable inventor!
• Consider patenting your idea if it is worth more than $10,000
• Open source alternatives
• Creative Commons
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Understand that your product will not always sell
• Many factors go into making a successful product
• Even if you did all the steps correctly, you may still fail to make a profit
• Engage the customers that you do bring in