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Behavior
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Autonomous Characters
Self-Directed characters "puppets that pull their own strings" -Ann Marion
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Autonomous Characters
AcknowledgementMuch of this material is taken from the work of Craig Reynolds. He maintains a web pages including a rich source of material of steering behavior and the consumate source on flocking.
Also see: Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters
by Craig Reynolds
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Three-Tier Hierarchy
Action selectiongoals and strategies “What to do”
Steeringguidance / motion control “How to do it”
Locomotionmovement generation “Getting it done”
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Flocks in Film
1987: Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice, (short) Director: Larry Malone, Producer: Symbolics, Inc.
1988: Behave, (short) Produced and directed by Rebecca Allen
1989: The Little Death, (short) Director: Matt Elson, Producer: Symbolics, Inc.
1992: Batman Returns, (feature) Director: Tim Burton, Producer: Warner Brothers
1993: Cliffhanger, (feature) Director: Renny Harlin, Producer: Carolco.
1994: The Lion King, (feature) Director: Allers / Minkoff, Producer: Disney.
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Flocks in Film
1996: From Dusk Till Dawn, (feature) Director: Robert Rodriguez, Producer: Miramax
1996: The Hunchback of Notre Dame, (feature) Director: Trousdale / Wise, Producer: Disney.
1997: Hercules, (feature) Director: Clements / Musker, Producer: Disney.
1997: Spawn, (feature) Director: Dipp₫, Producer: Disney.
1997: Starship Troopers, (feature) Director: Verhoeven, Producer: Tristar Pictures.
1998: Mulan, (feature) Director: Bancroft/Cook, Producer: Disney.
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Flocks in Film
1998: Antz, (feature) Director: Darnell/Guterman/Johnson, Producer: DreamWorks/PDI.
1998: A Bugs Life, (feature) Director: Lasseter/Stanton, Producer: Disney/Pixar.
1998: The Prince of Egypt, (feature) Director: Chapman/Hickner/Wells, Producer: DreamWorks.
1999: Star Wars: Episode I--The Phantom Menace, (feature) Director: Lucas, Producer: Lucasfilm.
2000: Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring (feature) Director: Jackson, Producer: New Line Cinema.
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Seeking and Fleeing
Seeking and Fleeing Applet (Reynolds)
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Pursuing and Avoiding
Pursuing and Avoiding Applet (Reynolds)
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Separation: Avoid Collisions
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Alignment
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Flocking Demos
Flocking Applet (Craig Reynolds) Fish Schooling (Steve Hughes) Beach House (Ishihama Yoshiaki )
For more demos see Reynolds “Boids in Java”
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Do People Flock?
Social psychologist’s report the people tend to travel as singles or in groups of size 2 to 5.
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Characteristics of Groups
Proximity Coupled Behavior Common Purpose Relationship Between
Members
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Moving Formations
Pairs: Side by side Triples: Triangular shape
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Stationary Formations
Moving pair approachesstationary triple
Stationary quintuple formed
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Locomotion Model for Walking
Two Parameters Speed
Combination of step length and step rate
Orientation Head direction for forward walking
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Accelerate Accelerate Accelerate Turn Left No Turn Turn Right
Coast Coast Coast Turn Left No Turn Turn Right
Decelerate Decelerate Decelerate Turn Left No Turn Turn Right
Action Space
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Distributed Preference Voting
Delegation of voters: Constraint Proxies Proxies vote on each cell of the action space Votes are tallied Winning cell represents best compromise among
competing interests
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Vote Tabulation
1.0
Pursuit Point
Tracking
Maintain Formation
Inertia
Centering
Maintain Target
Velocity
Avoid Peds
Winning Cell
Electioneer
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
Avoid Obstacles
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A Group of Two Following a Path
ped 1
walkway axis
pursuit point
Winning vote = Accelerate/Turn Right
ped 2
-1.0 -1.0 +1.0-1.0 -1.0 +1.0-1.0 -1.0 +1.0
Pursuit Point Tracking
+1.0 +1.0 +1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
Maintain Formation
+1.0 +1.0 +3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -1.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0
2.01.0
Election for ped 1
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Avoiding an Obstacle -- Trajectory
Small look-ahead distance Large look-ahead distance
ped 1
ped 2
walkway axis walkway axis
ped 1
ped 2
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Interaction Between Pairs -- 1
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Interaction Between Pairs -- 2
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Interaction Between Pairs -- 3