Being a Super Intern: Tips and Tricks for Cross-Cover
Gabrielle Berger, MDIntern Teaching ConferenceJuly 2020
Road Map• Triage common cross-cover calls
with a focus on practical skills for assessment and treatment
1. Altered mental status2. Nausea/vomiting3. Constipation4. Insomnia
It’s 9pmand the pager goes off…
Doctor, your patient is ALTERED!
Case 1
• 65 yo M with COPD, cirrhosis, and Afib admitted for new PE
• Started on heparin drip, nebs, and oxycodone with IV morphine for breakthrough pain
• RN holding evening meds because pt somnolent
Case 1: AMS
• WATCHER• Cr 2.1, BUN 75, Na 127, other labs normal • BP 100/60, HR 100s, RR 16, 92% on 4L
– CV: Irreg irreg, no LE edema – PULM: scattered wheezes, no crackles – NEURO: somnolent, arouses to voice, withdraws from
pain symmetrically, no clonus
What is the best next step?
A. Narcan 0.4mg IV x 1B. Stat CTA of the head, stroke protocolC. Stat chem 7 and ABGD. Start 2% saline at 30 cc/hrE. Start lactulose 30g po q4h
What is the best next step?
A. Narcan 0.4mg IV x 1B. Stat CTA of the head, stroke protocolC. Stat chem 7 and ABGD. Start 2% saline at 30 cc/hrE. Start lactulose 30g po q4h
M
Metabolic
Toxic
I
Infectious
S
Stroke
Seizure
T
Trauma
O
Hypoxia
Hypercarbia
Who has an approach to AMS?
HypoNa, hypoglycemia, uremia, hepatic enceph, steroids, EtOH/drugs, etc
Metabolic
✓ Chem 7, Ca, Utox, serum or
urine osms
✓ Asterixis
✓ Review meds + eMAR
Infectious
✓ Review VS, infectious workup
*Rarely need to do an LP
Stroke Seizures
✓ NCHCT, CTA head if focal deficit
✓ Call neuro
Trauma
✓ NCHCT
Oxygen:hypoxia or
hypercarbia
✓ ABG
✓ CXR
Evaluation for AMS
Case 1: AMS
• Na 128, Cr 2.3, Glc 123
• ABG 7.2/78/74 on 4L NC
• eMAR: morphine 4mg IV x1 at 6pm
• Treatment– Transferred to MICU for NIPPV– Morphine switched to hydromorphone
Case 2: AMS
• 87 yo F admitted for severe sepsis due to UTI
• Treated with ceftriaxone, awaiting SNF
• 9:15pm, RN pages you asking for a sleeping pill
• You call back and find out that pt “seems off”
Case 2: AMS
• VS: T 36.9, HR 80, BP 126/86, 98% RA
• GEN: picking at blankets, trying to sit up
• NEURO: thinks she’s at home, year is 1925, yelling at someone to get off the ceiling
Case 2: AMS
Now what?!?
Case 2: AMS à Delirium
Kalish, et al. Delirium in Older Persons: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Phys 2014; 90(3):150-8.
Case 2: Delirium
1. Manage pain, urinary retention, constipation2. Avoid opioids and sedating meds3. Prevent complications à ORCA Delirium PowerPlan
• Bedside commode, safety mat, sleep hygiene• Remove lines, tubes, restraints • Frequent reorientation
Case 2: Delirium
Kalish, et al. Delirium in Older Persons: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Phys 2014; 90(3):150-8.
Meds à 2 options1. Haloperidol 0.5-1mg po/IV qHS (or BID)2. Quetiapine 25-50mg po qHS (or BID)
ü Start low, go slowü Check QTc!!!ü Increased mortality risk in pts with dementia
Case 2: Delirium
• 87 yo F awaiting SNF• Oxycodone 5-10mg q6h prn• Low UOP• I/O cath drains 1L of clear urine • She feels SO much better
(and promptly goes to sleep)!
Quick Take
• 78 yo M with metastatic lung CA admitted for pain
• You’re called for new onset seizure
• 5 min ago à witnessed GTC seizure lasting 60 sec while RN administering meds, now unresponsive
• O2 sat dropped to 70s, now low 90s on 2L
What is the best next step?
A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG
What is the best next step?
A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG
Quick Take – continued
• Patient is postictal but protecting airway, awaiting MRI
• RN pages that patient is having another GTC
What is the best next step now?
A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG
What is the best next step now?
A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG
Acute seizure management
• For seizure <1-2 min that breaks spontaneously àobserve
• For seizure >1-2 min or recurrent, give lorazepam 2mg IV x1
• For ongoing seizures, give phenytoin load OR levetiracetam
Altered Mental StatusTake Home Points
1. Use a framework (MISTO) to organize the DDx
2. Treat delirium with environmental modifications, meds as last resort (haloperidol or quetiapine)
3. Use lorazepam for active seizure, phenytoin OR levetiracetam for recurrent seizure
Doctor, your patient is CONSTIPATED
Case 3
• 66 yo M admitted with LLE cellulitis and volume overload
• HD4: you get paged at 11 pm for mild abdominal discomfort, no BM since admission
• You’re admitting another patient in the ED…
What next?
A. Docusate 200mg po BIDB. Bisacodyl 10mg PR x 1C. Senna 17mg po qHSD. Tap water enemaE. Get more information
What next?
A. Docusate 200mg po BIDB. Bisacodyl 10mg PR x 1C. Senna 17mg po qHSD. Tap water enemaE. Get more information
Case 3
What’s the minimum amount of info you need by phone to evaluate constipation?
Last night…
Admit in ER
Admit in ER
Code
FOOD
Sleep?
Signout
6pm
“Teaching”
12 am
Write notes
6am
Patient wants to leave AMA
CHEST PAINSurgery recs
Foley fell outNausea
HeadachePharmacy—clarify dose
NG tube fell outPatient still wants to leave AMA
Can’t sleepCan you sign these orders?
ConstipationIV fell out
Can’t wake up
Patient did leave AMA“What’s the plan?”
DeliriumLow K Pt fell out of
bedAbdominal pain
Still can’t sleep
Case 3: constipation
1. Symptoms of a more serious condition?– New fever, VS changes– Risk factors for obstruction
2. If not, usually ok to treat empirically – Start from above or below?
Case 3: constipationWhat’s your goal?
• BM now! • By morning
• Sometime this month
SlowDays
Moderate24 hrs
FastMin-Hrs
Stool softenersDocusate = placebo!
Metamucil (bulking)
PEG: Miralax, GolytelyLactulose(osmotic)
Senna, bisacodyl PO (stimulant)
Bisacodyl PR, enemas(stimulant)
Magnesium Citrate(saline laxative)
Case 3: constipation
Case 4
• 38 yo M with sickle cell dz admitted for vasoocclusivecrisis
• PMH includes ventral hernia with intermittent SBO
• Using PCA, scheduled senna and bisacodyl
• HD6: new abdominal discomfort and constipation, no improvement with bisacodyl PR or tap water enema
What is the best next step?
A. Methylnaltrexone 12mg SC x 1B. Naloxone 5mg po x 1C. Place NG tube, give GoLytely gtt at 50cc/hrD. Gastrograffin enema x 1, repeat x 1 if no BM
What is the best next step?
A. Methylnaltrexone 12mg SC x 1B. Naloxone 5mg po x 1C. Place NG tube, give GoLytely gtt at 50cc/hrD. Gastrograffin enema x 1, repeat x 1 if no BM
Treatment Indication Clinical Pearls
Methylnaltrexone Opioid-induced ileus or constipation • Cancer, sickle cell
• Opioid antagonist• Does not cross blood-brain
barrier à NO withdrawal
PEG (GoLytely) gtt DIOS in CF patients • Need to place NG tube
Gastrograffinenema Impaction
• Can causes electrolyte shifts (Mg, Phos)
• Check lytes BID
Options for really bad constipation
ConstipationTake home Points
1. You do NOT need to do a bedside evaluation for every patient with constipation
2. Choose a therapy based on how quickly you want results
Doctor, your patient is NAUSEATED
Your 27th page of the night
RE: Pt KS – he’s vomiting. Again. From: Imoverit, RN
Case 5: Pt KS
• 51 yo M with pancreatitis
• Admitted 3 days ago to the MICU à treated with IVFs and bowel rest
• Transferred to floor today
• Still NPO, VS stable, but nauseated
What do you do next?
A. Evaluate the patientB. Ondansetron 8mg po x1, finish ED admissionC. Ondansetron 8mg IV q8h prn nauseaD. Lorazepam 1mg IV q6h prn nauseaE. Find a bathroom and hide
What do you do next?
A. Evaluate the patientB. Ondansetron 8mg po x1, finish ED admissionC. Ondansetron 8mg IV q8h prn nauseaD. Lorazepam 1mg IV q6h prn nauseaE. Find a bathroom and hide
The emesis ladder
Ondansetron8mg IV q8h
Metoclopramide5-10mg IV q6h
Prochlorperazine 5-10mg IV q6h
Promethazine6.25-25mg po/PR q6h
Side Effects
Avoid IV if possible; start low!
Case 5: NauseaMedication Side effects
Ondansetron
• Antiserotonin• QTc prolongation
Metoclopramide Prochlorperazine
• Antidopamine• Dystonic rxns à treat
with IV benedryl
Diphenhydramine Promethazine
• Antihistamine • Sedating effect, can
cause a high
Case 6
• 84 yo F admitted for CAP• PMH includes HTN, HLD, DM, and CVA• Overnight develops new onset nausea and NB/NB
emesis• Afebrile, BP 90/54, HR 108, O2 sat 95% RA• Oriented, complains of epigastric discomfort
Case 6: Next steps• On evaluation à tired appearing, mildly diaphoretic • Afebrile, BP 88/54, HR 108, O2 sat 95% RA on 2L
Case 6: NauseaWhen to evaluate in person?
• CAD risk factors • Worried about
atypical ACS presentation?
MI
• Mental status changes
• Headache, blurry vision
CNS• Coffee ground
emesis• Hematemesis• New onset abd pain
GI
Case 6: nausea
• You call your senior and activate the STEMI pager
• Pt goes for emergent PCI and is transferred to the CCU
• Everyone thinks you’re the best intern EVER!
NauseaTake home Points
1. Don’t need to do a bedside evaluation for every patient with nausea
2. HOWEVER, consider the possibility of a more serious illness (MI, CNS disease, GIB)
3. Avoid IV benedryl and phenergan
Doctor, your patient CAN’T SLEEP
Case 7
• 2am: 67th page of the night • 49 yo M with LLE cellulitis• H/o anxiety, depression• Requesting home zolpidem 10mg
qHS
RE: Pt TD – can’t sleep. Pls order zolpidem. From: Marla, RN.
What next?
A. Order trazodone 25mg po qHSB. Order diphenhydramine 25mg po x1C. Order temazepam 15mg po qHSD. Order zolpidem 10mg po qHSE. Evaluate the patient
Home med!
Case 7: Approach to insomnia
Environmental factors• Turn off lights, treat pain, minimize VS o/n, reschedule meds
Is there concern for delirium?• Needs further assessment and workup
Is this a chronic problem?• Order home meds!
Case 7: treating insomnia
• Melatonin 1-5mg po qHS• Trazodone 25-50mg po qHS– Antidepressant at higher doses– Good for short-term use only
Avoid benzos and diphenhydramine,especially in the elderly
Take Home PointsInsomnia
• Trazodone 25-50mg po qHS is useful in the hospital
• AVOID zolpidem UNLESS patient takes it at home
• Reschedule meds and VS during the day
Conclusions
• You are all super interns!• Use a framework for AMS • Constipation can often be triaged
over the phone• Consider risk factors for MI or GIB
when assessing nausea• Melatonin or trazodone for sleep
Thank you!
• Evaluation please!