![Page 1: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bell Ringer
1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as it cools. a) Transform Plate Boundary b) Convergent Plate Boundary c) Divergent Plate Boundary d) Subduction Zone e) Convergence Zone
![Page 2: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2) Metamorphic rock, such as slate and shale, is formed… a) As magma released from a volcano cools slowly as it flows over the surface of the earth as lava.
b) As magma is ejected from a volcano and cools quickly, differentiating into clusters.
c) As pieces of minerals and other rocks are crystallized together through lithification.
d) As rocks experience heat and pressure, reshaping crystals within the rock.
e) Through a continuous process of heating and cooling from an underground magma source.
![Page 3: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3) Volcanoes are created as one plate slides beneath another one. The crust is melted and comes to the surface as magma. This process is known as… a) Subduction b) Lithification c) Volcanism d) Transformation e) Convergence
![Page 4: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4) Identify each of the plate boundaries shown below:
A B C
![Page 5: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Earthquakes
![Page 6: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inside the Earth
• The earth’s crust sits atop the mantle – a thick layer of “solid” (but moveable) molten rock.
• At the center of the earth is the core – a molten, heavy layer made mostly of iron.
![Page 7: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Inside the Earth
• The earth’s crust sits atop the mantle – a thick layer of “solid” (but moveable) molten rock.
• At the center of the earth is the core – a molten, heavy layer made mostly of iron.
• As one descends deeper into the
earth, the temperature
vastly increases.
![Page 8: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Just the Facts
• .5% of earth is crust (oceanic and continental)
• 99% of earth’s crust is made of 8 elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium
• Moho
• Lava in the earth magma when in reaches surface, igneous when it cools
![Page 9: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inside the Earth
• Heat within the earth drives currents that flow in loops in the mantle.
• The mantle’s soft rocks move upward as it is heated and downward as it is cools. (convection currents; energy transformaiton)
![Page 10: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inside the Earth • The cyclical movement of the mantle beneath
moves the plates of crust sitting upon it.
• Earth’s fifteen plates move, on average, 1-6 inches a year.
![Page 11: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Inside the Earth • The movement of plates has profoundly
influenced life on earth.
• 225 million years ago, scientists believe all the continents existed as one mass- Pangaea.
![Page 12: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Inside the Earth • The movement of the mantle has caused the
continents to drift apart, leading to the world we know today.
![Page 13: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Earthquakes • The movement of the mantle can cause stress
to build up in the earth’s crust.
• The crust can only take so much stress before fracturing and moving – causing an earthquake.
![Page 14: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Earthquakes • Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of
tectonic plates, as plates collide or slide past each other.
• Movement can also occur at fault lines – cracks in the earth’s crust caused by previous earthquakes.
![Page 15: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Earthquakes • Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of
tectonic plates, as plates collide or slide past each other.
• Movement can also occur at fault lines – cracks in the earth’s crust caused by previous earthquakes.
San Andreas Fault
![Page 16: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Earthquakes
![Page 17: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Earthquakes
![Page 18: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Earthquakes
![Page 19: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Earthquakes
![Page 20: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Earthquakes
Kentucky’s largest earthquake occurred in July, 1980. It was registered as a 5.1
![Page 21: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Earthquakes • The origin of an earthquake, the focus, is
often far below the earth’s surface.
• The earthquake’s epicenter is the location, on the earth’s surface, directly above the focus.
![Page 22: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Earthquakes • As the crust moves to relieve stress, energy in
the form of seismic waves move outward from the earthquake’s focus (like ripples in a pool).
• These waves result in vast damage as they cause the earth to move.
![Page 23: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Earthquakes • The severity of an earthquake is determined
by the magnitude of its seismic waves.
• The wave magnitude is measured by a seismograph.
![Page 24: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Earthquakes • Scientists use the Richter scale to assign a
“strength” value to each earthquake.
• The Richter scale goes from 1 – 10, with each subsequent value indicating a ten-fold increase in seismic wave magnitude (and ground shaking).
• ex: An earthquake measured as a 6.0 on the Richter scale is ten-times as powerful as a 5.0 earthquake.
![Page 25: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Earthquakes • Scientists use the Richter scale to assign a
“strength” value to each earthquake.
• The Richter scale goes from 1 – 10, with each subsequent value indicating a ten-fold increase in seismic wave magnitude (and ground shaking).
• ex: An earthquake measured as a 6.0 on the Richter scale is ten-times as powerful as a 5.0 earthquake.
The largest earthquake ever measured occurred in 1960 in Chile – a 9.5
![Page 26: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Earthquakes • Scientists are beginning to also use a second
scale, the Modified Mercalli Scale, to rate the strength of the quake.
• This scale uses direct observation and personal accounts to classify the quake – the scale ranges from 1 (insignificant) to 12 (catastrophic)
![Page 27: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Earthquakes • The primary effects of earthquakes include
shaking and displacement of the ground.
• These effects can have serious consequences for people, buildings, roads, bridges, etc.
![Page 29: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
First Hand Accounts - Quakes
![Page 30: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tsunamis
![Page 31: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tsunamis • Earthquakes occurring on the ocean floor can
result in tidal waves or tsunamis.
• Tsunami – a series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops.
![Page 32: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tsunamis • Most large tsunamis occur at subduction
zones, as one plate slips under another; the rise of the sea floor creates the tsunami.
![Page 33: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tsunamis • The tsunami waves move rapidly at sea – as
they approach land, they slow down but grown in height.
• As they hit land, they can cause great damage.
![Page 34: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
December 26, 2004 • An underwater earthquake, magnitude 9.15,
occurs in the Indian Ocean creating the worst tsunami to date.
• Waves approaching land were as high as 100 feet and devastated regions of Thailand, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
• 228,000 people were killed.
![Page 36: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
First Hand Account - Tsunamis
![Page 38: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Exit Slip
1) Where do earthquakes occur? a) Along fault lines b) Along the borders of tectonic plates c) Along the interior of tectonic plates d) A and B e) B and C
![Page 40: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2) Which answer has the parts of the earth labeled correctly: a) 1=Mantle, 2=Core, 3=Crust b) 1=Crust, 2=Mantle, 3=Core c) 1=Core 2=Mantle 3= Crust
d) 1=Crust 2=Core
3= Mantle
![Page 41: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
3) Which answer best describes how a tsunami forms?
a) Seismic waves from an earthquake along a fault line on land move to the sea, where they cause waves to build and rush toward land.
b) The movement of the mantle shifts the tectonic plates, causing them to move apart, creating a wave that rushes toward shore.
c) A transform plate boundary under the sea moves apart, create seismic waves that propel the water toward the shore.
d) At a subduction zone under the sea, part of the crust rises, creating a wave that rushes toward land.
e) Magma from the mantle rises, heating the water and causing it to rush toward the shoreline.
![Page 42: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4) The Modified Mercalli Scale is used to determine the strength of earthquakes. Which answer below describes this scale? a) It measure’s an earthquakes seismic waves using a seismograph and plots them on a scale from 1 to 10 b) It measure’s the displacement of the earth and plots this displacement on a scale from 1-5 c) It uses first-hand accounts to determine the strength of the quake, plotting it on a scale from 1-12 d) It measures the seismic waves eminating from the focus; the waves are measured on a seismograph and plotted on the Richter Scale.
![Page 43: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Bell Ringer - scott.k12.ky.us and tsu.pdf · Bell Ringer 1) At this type of plate boundary, the plates move away from each other. Magma rises to the surface, creating new crust as](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051814/603957c3417d845a7165bdd3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
California Earthquake of 1906
• The worst earthquake in North American history occurred at 5:12am on April 18, 1906.
• Movement along the San Andreas fault caused the quake; shaking was felt as far away as Oregon and Nevada.