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Bending Magnet CriticalPhoton Energy and Undulator
Central Radiation Cone
David Attwood
University of California, Berkeley
(http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/srms)
Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_BendMagRadius.ai
Bending Magnet Radius
The Lorentz force for a relativistic electronin a constant magnetic field is
where p = γmv. In a fixed magnetic fieldthe rate of change of electron energy is
∴ γ = constant
thus with Ee = γmc2
and the force equation becomes
=dpdt
∴
R FB
V
v = βc
β → 1
a =–v2
R
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_BendMagRad_April04.ai
Bending Magnet Radiation
Radiationpulse
Time
2∆τ
Ι
B′BA
Radius R
R sinθ
θ =
θ = 12γ
The cone half angleθ sets the limits ofarc-length from whichradiation can beobserved.
(a) (b)12γ
With θ 1/2γ , sinθ θ
With v = βc
∴ 2∆τ = m2eΒγ2
γmceΒ
and R but (1 – β)
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_BendMagRad2_April04.ai
Bending Magnet Radiation (continued)
From Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle for rms pulse duration and photon energy
thus
Thus the single-sided rms photon energy width (uncertainty) is
A more detailed description of bending magnet radius finds the critical photon energy
In practical units the critical photon energy is
(5.4b)
(5.4c)
(5.7a)
(5.7b)
∆Ε ≥
2∆τ
∆Ε ≥
m/2eΒγ2
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_F07_T2.ai
Bending Magnet Radiation
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.0010.001 0.01 0.1 1 4 10
y = E/Ec
G1(
y) a
nd H
2(y)
H2(1) = 1.454G1(1) = 0.6514
G1(y)
H2(y)
50% 50%
(5.7a)
(5.7b)
(5.6)
(5.8)(5.5)
ψ
θ
e–
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_F07_revJune05.ai
Bending Magnet Radiation Covers a BroadRegion of the Spectrum, Including thePrimary Absorption Edges of Most Elements
1013
1014
1012
1011
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Photon energy (keV)
Pho
ton
flux
(ph/
sec)
Ec
50%
Ee = 1.9 GeVΙ = 400 mAB = 1.27 Tωc = 3.05 keV
(5.7a)
(5.7b)
(5.8)
ψθ
e–
∆θ = 1mrad∆ω/ω = 0.1%
Advantages: • covers broad spectral range • least expensive • most accessableDisadvantages: • limited coverage of hard x-rays • not as bright as undulator
4Ec
50%
ALS
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_F08VG.ai
Narrow Cone Undulator Radiation,Generated by Relativistic ElectronsTraversing a Periodic Magnet Structure
Magnetic undulator(N periods)
Relativisticelectron beam,Ee = γmc2
λ
λ –
2θ
λu
λu
2γ2
∆λλ
1N
~
θcen –1
γ∗ N
cen =
~
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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An Undulator Up Close
Undulator_Close.ai
ALS U5 undulator, beamline 7.0, N = 89, λu = 50 mmProfessor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Installing an Undulator at Berkeley’sAdvanced Light Source
Undulator_Install.ai
ALS Beamline 9.0 (May 1994), N = 55, λu = 80 mmProfessor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Undulator Radiation
e–
N
S S
N
N N
S S
λu
E = γmc2
γ =1
1 – v2
c2
N = # periods
e–sin2Θ θ ~– 1
2γ θcen
e– radiates at theLorentz contractedwavelength:
Doppler shortenedwavelength on axis:
Laboratory Frameof Reference
Frame ofMoving e–
Frame ofObserver
FollowingMonochromator
For 1N
∆λλ
θcen1
γ N
θcen 40 rad
λ′ = λuγ
Bandwidth:
λ′ N
λ = λ′γ(1 – βcosθ)
λ = (1 + γ2θ2)
Accounting for transversemotion due to the periodicmagnetic field:
λu
2γ2
λu
2γ 2λ = (1 + + γ 2θ2)K2
2
where K = eB0λu /2πmc
Ch05_LG186.ai
~–
~–
~–
~–∆λ′
typically
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Physically, where does theλ = λu/2γ2 come from?
Ch05_Eq09_10VG.ai
(5.10)
(5.9)
The electron “sees” a Lorentz contracted period
and emits radiation in its frame of reference at frequency
On-axis (θ = 0) the observed frequency is
Observed in the laboratory frame of reference, this radiationis Doppler shifted to a frequency
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_Eq11VG.ai
(5.11)
and the observed wavelength is
Give examples.
By definition γ = ; γ2 =
thus
11 – β2
1(1 – β)(1 + β)
12(1 – β)
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
Physically, where does theλ = λu/2γ2 come from?
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Ch05_Eq10_12VG.ai
(5.10)
(5.12)
For θ ≠ 0, take cos θ = 1 – + . . . , then
exhibiting a reduced Doppler shift off-axis, i.e., longer wavelengths.This is a simplified version of the “Undulator Equation”.
The observed wavelength is then
θ2
2
= =c/λu
1 – β (1 – θ2/2 + . . . )c/λu
1 – β + βθ2/2 – . . .c/(1 – β)λu
1 + βθ2/2(1 – β). . .
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
What about the off-axis θ 0 radiation?
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The Undulator’s “Central Radiation Cone”
Ch05_Eq13_15VG_Jan06.ai
(5.14)
(5.13)
(5.15)
With electrons executing N oscillations as they traverse the periodic magnet structure, and thus radiating a wavetrain of N cycles, it is of interest to know what angular cone contains radiation of relative spectral bandwidth
Write the undulator equation twice, once for on-axis radiation (θ = 0) and once for wavelength-shifted radiation off-axis at angle θ:
divide and simplify to
Combining the two equations (5.13 and 5.14)
This is the half-angle of the “central radiation cone”, defined as containing radiation of ∆λ/λ = 1/N.
λ0 + ∆λ = (1 + γ2θ2)
defines θcen : γ2θ2 , which gives
λu2γ2
1N
λ0 =λu
2γ2
cen
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_F12VG.ai
The Undulator Radiation Spectrumin Two Frames of Reference
Frequency, ω′
Execution of N electron oscillationsproduces a transform-limitedspectral bandwidth, ∆ω′/ω′ = 1/N.
The Doppler frequency shift has astrong angle dependence, leadingto lower photon energies off-axis.
Frequency, ω
dP′dΩ′
dPdΩ
ω′∆ω′
~ N
Off-axis
–
Nea
r axi
s
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_F13_14VG.ai
The Narrow (1/N) Spectral Bandwidth of UndulatorRadiation Can be Recovered in Two Ways
ω ω
dPdΩ
dPdΩ ∆λ
λ
θ
Pinholeaperture
Gratingmonochromator
Exitslit
θ
With a pinhole aperture
With a monochromator
1N
1 γ N
∆λλ
2θ 1γ
∆λλ 1
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_Lorentz.ApxF.ai
Lorentz Space-Time Transformations (Appendix F)
S′
S
X
X′
Z
Z′v
L′
λ′uθ′
θ0
(F.1a)
(F.1b)
(F.1c)
(F.2a)
(F.2a)
(F.2a)
(F.3)
(F.4)
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007
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Ch05_LorentzTrans.ai
Lorentz Transformations: Frequency, Angles, Length and Time
Doppler frequency shifts
Lorentz contraction of length
Time dilation
Angular transformations
(F.8a)
(F.8b)
(F.12)
(F.13)
(F.9a)
(F.9b)
(F.10b)
(F.10a)
(F.11a)
(F.11b)
Professor David AttwoodUniv. California, Berkeley Bending Magnet Critical Photon Energy and Undulator Central Radiation Cone, EE290F, 13 Feb 2007