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Crop Management School 2016 Patricia Steinhilber
UMCP/ENST Agricultural Nutrient Management Program
Beneficial Use of Gypsum in Soil Management:
Reduction in Erosion and Soluble P Loss
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Today’s Emphases
•what is gypsum and why the current interest?
•role of gypsum in reducing soil erosion and soluble P
•expands info from March 2016 webinar
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What is Gypsum? •calcium sulfate dihydrate
−CaSO4-2H2O •a neutral salt •naturally occurring mineral •can be synthesized •by-product of several industries
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By-product Gypsum (acceptable for use)
•flue-gas desulfurization gypsum −FGD-gypsum −formed during removal of sulfur dioxide in stack gases of coal-fired electric generating plants
−wet limestone scrubbers −10 million tons/yr produced in US (2012) −projected 20 million tons/yr produced by 2020
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By-product Gypsum (unacceptable for use)
•phosphogypsum (PG) −produced in phosphorus fertilizer production
• sulfuric acid + rock phosphate = calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate (gypsum)
−EPA does not allow land application if residual radioactivity is 10 picocuries/gram
−billions of tons stacked in Gulf coast states, especially Florida & Louisiana • 1 stack covers 340 acres and is 200’ high
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What’s Driving the Current Interest?
•USDA-NRCS adopted a standard for use of gypsum as a soil amendment −Dec 2015
•by-product gypsum is available and its use as a soil amendment is an economical way of dealing with a potential “waste”
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Gypsum vs Limestone
•CaCO3 vs CaSO4-2H2O
•gypsum is 200 times more soluble than limestone
•2.5 gram/liter @ 25⁰C −“moderately soluble”
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Reduction of Dissolved P in Runoff and Drainage Water
•Ca+2 ions react with phosphate ions to form a new secondary mineral, calcium phosphate
•one of the mechanisms whereby P is “fixed” in soils
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Does Gypsum Reduce P Export in Runoff? •Penn State & USDA Watershed Lab
−JEQ, 2000, v. 29 •variety of materials, including gypsum •soils from PA & MD
−Hagerstown, Klineville & Watson •runoff boxes at a 5% slope, 2” per hour
−bare soil and grassed
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Psol (ppm) from Bare and Grassed Runoff Boxes (Hagerstown soil, FIV = 149)
Surface Condition and Application Method
Tons Gypsum per Acre
0 5 10 bare soil (mixed) 0.45 0.31 0.32
grassed (surface-applied) 1.69 1.32 0.72 *
Bare condition represented a tilled soil early in the season before canopy closure, while the grassed condition simulated hay, pasture or buffer strip.
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Field-scale Runoff Simulation •Norton, USDA-ARS, JSWC, 2008, v. 63 •Indiana, Blount loam soil •very high soil P levels, no-till corn-bean •4 treatments
−control, poultry litter, gypsum and litter + gypsum (co-applied)
•1 ton gypsum per acre •simulated rainfall at 2” per hour
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Value of Gypsum Over Time •Auburn (Bulletin no. 680)
−6 tons poultry liter on bermudagrass pasture −0, 1, 2, 3 tons of FGD gypsum/acre over litter
•rainfall simulation - 3.5”/hr. −immediately after application −5 weeks later −7 months later
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Gypsum-treated Grass Buffers (JEQ,2009)
•tall fescue pasture, Alabama −fsl in the Sand Mountain region
•upper slope – litter at 120 # N/acre •runoff sampling zone •lower slope – 0, ½, 1 ¼, 2 ½ T/A gypsum
−5 feet wide •water dispersion device
−continuous flow of water −high intensity rainfall event
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Conclusions (Watts & Torbert)
•gypsum reduced P runoff in first major rainfall event
•greatest benefit for lowest rate •P runoff in second rainfall event not impacted by gypsum (1 month later) −temporary effect
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Can Gypsum Enhance Infiltration and Reduce Runoff and Erosion?
•Sometimes, under certain conditions
•Let’s look at some soil chemistry concepts
•Let’s talk about soil crusting and soil sealing
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Ionic Strength •ionic richness of the soil solution
−sum (all cations x valence) −“saline” soil has ionic strength that reduces plant growth in some plants
•electrical conductivity (EC) −mmhos/cm or deciSiemens/m −component of typical soil test suites W of 100 meridian
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Sodic Soils
•sodium-affected soils
•exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ≥ 15%
•saline sodic – OK; sodic - trouble
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Ionic Strength and Dispersion of Clays
If sodic, dispersion of clays
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Dispersion and Flocculation
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Clays are surrounded by a swarm of adsorbed cations bathed in a solution full of dissolved ions.
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Van der Waals – weak ion to ion attraction caused by induced dipoles
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Soil Crusting •thin, compacted layer at soil surface with a lower permeability than the underlying soil −low infiltration high runoff increased erosion
−worse on bare soils after heavy rainfall
•high soil strength −decreased seedling emergence/poor stands
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Crust Formation (soil sealing)
•physical processes −aggregate destruction −raindrop compaction −clays become suspended
•chemical processes −dispersion of clays followed by clays clogging pores
−worse when EC is low
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Will the increase in ionic strength caused by the addition of a moderately soluble material like gypsum cause flocculation and lead to decreased runoff and reduced erosion?
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Gypsum on Runoff and Soil Loss
•Zhang et al., Trans ASAE, 1998 •Georgia, Cecil sandy loam •after CT soybeans, disked, unprotected soil surface
•natural rainfall from November to March
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(mm runoff)
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(Kg/ha ~ pounds/acre)
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How effective is gypsum at increasing infiltration and reducing erosion in fields that have been in no-till?
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Impact of Gypsum on Tilled and No-till Fields (Wallace et al., 2001)
•Indiana, Iva silt loam (loess), 5% slope •corn-soybean rotation •field plots with rainfall simulation (2”/hr.)
−after soybeans; residue removed
•gypsum – 1 ton/acre
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Conclusions of Wallace •On tilled area, gypsum increased EC at soil surface, keeping clays flocculated and preventing seal formation
•Under no-till, greater aggregate stability led to less aggregate destruction so the increase in EC was not helpful
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“Emerging” Technologies
•research has shown effectiveness
•process for acceptance as a BMP is under consideration −ditch filters −curtains
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Ditch Filter (Bryant et.al., JEQ v.41, 2012, UMES)
•designed to treat as much of the water passing through ditch as possible −measured amount of Ptotal and Psol in bypass flow
•sampled upstream of filter and downstream of filter
•assessed “chemical efficiency” and “system efficiency”
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Efficiency •chemical efficiency
−Casol reacts with Psol to form calcium phosphates −annually – 57% to 90% −per storm event – -11% to 99%
•system efficiency −“disappointingly low” −17% to 30% −93% bypass in exceptionally large storm
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Gypsum Curtains (CIG Project)
•trench adjacent to ditch −intercept shallow ground water before it reaches the ditch
•fill with a P-sorbing material like gypsum
•eliminates the problem with bypass flow
•data suggests large reductions in Psol
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reduction from 5 ppm Psol before the curtain to 0.2 ppm after the curtain
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Local Source
•PBCo, Inc. − Buffalo, NY − “relationship” with many electric generating plants on East Coast
− market and ship FGD gypsum − not yet registered as an amendment in MD − intend to seek registration as SYNGYP ™
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White Sands National Monument in south-central New Mexico
Guadalupe National Park, Texas