Download - Beyond hardware financing: Pro-poor pathways to low carbon energy access Dr David Ockwell
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Beyond hardware financing: Pro-
poor pathways to low carbon
energy access
Dr David Ockwell
June 2013
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www.steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development
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Overview
1. Pathways to low carbon development (Stirling 2012)
2. Dominant framing: Hardware financing
3. Alternative 1: Building innovation capacities
4. Alternative 2: Socio-technical nature of change &
development
5. Implications for policy and research
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Multiple Pathways to “Low Carbon Development”- What? For who? How?
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Multiple Pathways to “Low Carbon Development”- What? For who? How?- Multiple configurations of energy services, access, behaviour, technologies….
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Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
Social expectations, cultural norms
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Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
Historical contingency: Path dependence
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Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
Politics: Interests, power – who frames the problem?
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Intended and unintended processes and power ‘close down’ pathways
Economics: Lock-in to inferior technologies – even in competitive markets
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Dominant framing: Hardware financing
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CDM registered projects and accumulated
investment value, as at end of February 2010
Brazil, 1.2, 2%
China, 32.2, 67%
India, 6.7, 14%
ROW, 8.2, 17%
Source: Bryne et al. based on figures from UNEP Risø (2010)
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Number of registered CDM projects as of the end of February 2010, disaggregated by project type (2062 total registered projects)
562
318
297
277
154
132
60
56
45
26
21
19
19
19
13
12
8
7
6
5
2
2
1
1
Hydro
Methane avoidance
Wind
Biomass energy
Landfill gas
EE own generation
N2O
EE industry
Fossil fuel switch
Coal bed/mine methane
HFCs
EE supply side
Solar
Cement
Forests
Fugitive
Geothermal
EE households
PFCs and SF6
EE service
Transport
Energy distribution
Tidal
CO2 capture
Source: Bryne et al. based on figures from UNEP Risø (2010)
• Over 75% registered CDM projects use just five types of technology
• Only one new renewable energy technology – wind – although mature relative to other new renewables
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Building innovation capacities
Technology
suppliers
Technology
importers
Technology
transferredSupplier
firms’ engineering, managerial and other
technological capabilities
Capital goods, services & designs
Skills & know-how for operation & maintenance
Knowledge & expertise
behind technology
Accumulation of innovation
capacities
New production capacity
Flow A
Flow B
Flow C
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Building innovation systems
Indigenous support for technological
capabilities
National Innovation System
Skills & know-how for operation &
maintenance
Accumulation of innovation capacity
Knowledge & expertise behind
technology
Technology transfer
New production capacityCapital goods,
services & designs
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CDM registered projects and accumulated
investment value, as at end of February 2010
Brazil, 1.2, 2%
China, 32.2, 67%
India, 6.7, 14%
ROW, 8.2, 17%
Source: Bryne et al. based on figures from UNEP Risø (2010)
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Socio-technical nature of change &
development
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Socio-technical nature of change &
development
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Socio-technical nature of change &
development
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Socio-technical nature of change &
development
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Funding distribution of externally manufactured, culturally inappropriate technologies
Different framings: Different distribution of benefits
Funding for one-off, international hardware investments
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Participatory technology development & implementation e.g.
- Capabilities to build & maintain cook stoves
- Locally available materials
- Fit with social practices
- Facilitate knowledge transfer within & beyond communities
Different framings: Different distribution of benefits
Building innovation capacity & systems, e.g.
- Nurturing niches of low C energy
- Brokering knowledge flows
- Sourcing local labour & parts
- Cementing networks
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Different framings: Different policy, practice & research
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Conclusion: Pro-poor pathways to low carbon development?
www.steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development