BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions,research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.Big, Bad, and Beautiful: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Horned Frogs(Anura: Ceratophryidae)Author(s): Julin Faivovich, Laura Nicoli, Boris L. Blotto, Martn O. Pereyra, Diego Baldo, J.Sebastin Barrionuevo, Marissa Fabrezi, Erik R. Wild, Clio F.B. HaddadSource: South American Journal of Herpetology, 9(3):207-227.Published By: Brazilian Society of HerpetologyDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-14-00032.1URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2994/SAJH-D-14-00032.1BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological,and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and bookspublished by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance ofBioOnes Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use.Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercialinquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.Big, Bad, and Beautiful: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Horned Frogs (Anura: Ceratophryidae)Julin Faivovich1,2,*, Laura Nicoli1, Boris L. Blotto1,3, Martn O. Pereyra1, Diego Baldo4, J. Sebastin Barrionuevo1, Marissa Fabrezi5, Erik R. Wild6, Clio F.B. Haddad71Divisin Herpetologa, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino RivadaviaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tcnicas, ngel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.2Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologa Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.3Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade de So Paulo, CEP05508090 So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil.4Laboratorio de Gentica Evolutiva, Instituto de Biologa Subtropical (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tcnicas - Universidad Nacional de Misiones), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Qumicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, N3300LQF, Posadas, Argentina.5Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Centro Cientfico Tecnolgico-Salta, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tcnicas, 9 de Julio 14, 4405, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina.6Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54022, USA.7Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP13506900, Rio Claro, So Paulo, Brazil.*Corresponding author. Email: julian@macn.gov.arAbstract. The horned frog family, Ceratophryidae, currently comprises three genera and 12 extant species, distributed from the Caribbean lowlands to the Pampean grasslands. Horned frogs are fossorial species that are remarkable in terms of their adult and larval morphology, karyotype, behavior, and other aspects of their biology. In this paper we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis with the goals of: (1)ex-ploring the relationships among the species of Ceratophryidae; (2)studying the evolution of polyploidy; (3)studying the evolution of cocoon formation and larval development duration associated with surviving in semiarid environments; and (4)reviewing the ceratophryid fossil record that could be relevant as calibration points in molecular divergence estimations. The analysis included 11 of the 12 extant species and, when possible, multiple exemplars per species, as well as multiple outgroups. Sequence data were obtained on seven mitochondrial and six nuclear genes for up to 8200bp per specimen. Our results indicate that the individual monophyly of Ceratophrys and Lepidobatrachus is well corroborated. The monotypic Chacophrys is recovered as the sister taxon of Lepidobatrachus, but with Jackknife frequency