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Binary Fission & The Cell Cycle
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
PROKARYOTES
🡪 Use Binary Fission
• Have no nucleus
• Chromosome in a
single loop
EUKARYOTES
🡪 Use Cell Cycle
(Mitosis)
• Have nucleus
• Linear Chromosome
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes use a
type a cellular
reproduction known
as asexual
reproduction
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Asexual
Reproduction
PROS:
• Fast!
• Easy!
CONS:
• No genetic diversity
(offspring are essentially
clones)
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Binary Fission: Simple Prokaryotic (bacterial) Division
• Process of cell
division that
produces identical
offspring in
prokaryotic cells like
bacteria.
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Binary Fission Step #1
• Circular DNA
unzips and
copies itself
according to
base pairing
rules of each
complementary
strand
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Binary Fission Step #2
Cell
Splits
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Bacteria need to multiply quickly:
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Binary Fission
Binary Fission in prokaryotes is fast,
because they have no nucleus to break
down or organelles to copy.
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The Cell Cycle
• Living things (like you) are
often made of trillions of
cells.
• These cells are often:
🡪 Dying
🡪 Being worn away
🡪 The organism may be
growing and need more
cells.
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Cell Cycle The repeated sequence
of growth and division
required to strategically
maneuver the nucleus,
chromosomes and
organelles before the
cell can properly divide.
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Different forms of DNA
• 1) Chromosomes
• 2) Chromatin
• 3) Chromatids
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Chromosomes• Definition:
Supercoiled DNA
• Structure:
a single coiled
DNA molecule;
OR
After DNA
replication it
may be two
coiled DNA
molecules held
together at a
centromere.
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Chromatin– DNA in the nucleus that
is loose,
“spaghetti-like” structure
•present only during Interphase of the cell cycle.
– DNA before it is super-coiled into chromosomes
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Chromatids• Each DNA strand in the
chromosome …therefore, each replicated chromosome has 2 chromatids.
• Since the DNA in each replicated chromatid is identical, they are referred to as sister chromatids.
• Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere.
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NOTE: Chromosomes, Chromatin and Chromatids are all made of the same DNA, it’s just different shapes at different times of the cell cycle.
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Consists of: • G1 (Gap/Growth 1):• S (Synthesis):• G2 (Gap/Growth 2):
Interphase:
(Time in between cell divisions)
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• G1 (Gap 1 or Growth 1):– Cell growth– All routine functions of the cell. “Cell is
doing what it is meant to be doing.”
– DNA in the form of chromatin.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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• S (Synthesis):– DNA Replication
• Amount of chromatin in the nucleus doubles.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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• G2 (Gap 2 or Growth 2):– Growth and Preparation for Mitosis
• Organelles (in particular centrioles) duplicate.
• Cell growth reaches a point where Mitosis is triggered.
• DNA in the form of chromatin.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis are not part of Interphase, because the cell is actively
dividing here.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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• M Mitosis:– DNA forms into chromosomes.
Nucleus divides.
• C Cytokinesis:– Cytoplasm divides into 2 cells
each with its own nucleus. – DNA turns back into chromatin.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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• G1 (Gap 1 or Growth 1):– Cell growth
– All routine functions of the cell. “Cell is doing what it is meant to be doing.”– DNA in the form of chromatin.
• S (Synthesis):– DNA Replication
• Amount of chromatin in the nucleus duplicates.
• G2 (Gap 2 or Growth 2):– Growth and Preparation for Mitosis
• Organelles (in particular centrioles) duplicate. Cell growth reaches a point where Mitosis is triggered.
• DNA in the form of chromatin.
• M Mitosis:– DNA forms into chromosomes. Nucleus divides.
• C Cytokinesis:– Cytoplasm divides into 2 cells each with its own nucleus. DNA turns back into
chromatin.
Phases of the Cell Cycle