Download - Bio Cell Respiration
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Chapter 6How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
Introduction to Cell Metabolism
Glycolysis
Aerobic Cell Respiration
Anaerobic Cell Respiration
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O2 CO2BREATHING
Lungs
CO2 O2Bloodstream
Muscle cells carrying out
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Sugar + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O
Breathing and Cell Respiration are related
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Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide
Water Energy
Cellular Respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
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Burning glucose in an experiment
Energy released from glucose
(as heat and light)
100%
Energy released from glucose
banked in ATP
“Burning” glucosein cellular respiration
About 40%
Gasoline energy converted to movement
Burning gasolinein an auto engine
25%
How efficient is cell respiration?
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Loss of hydrogen atoms
Glucose
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Reduction and Oxidation
OILRIG
Oxidation is losing electrons
Reduction is gaining electrons
Glucose gives off energy as is is oxidized
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Reduction and Oxidation OILRIG
Gain or loss of electrons is often in the form of hydrogen. The hydrogen is then passed to a coenzyme such as NAD+
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Reduction and Oxidation
What are some common co-enzymes? NAD+ and FAD
NAD+ + 2 H NADH + H+
FAD + 2 H FADH2
Remember that H = 2 electrons and 2H+
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Reduction and Oxidation
These co-enzymes are very important for cell respiration because they transfer high-energy electrons to electron transport systems (ETS).
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Reduction and Oxidation
As the electrons move from carrier to carrier, energy is released in small quantities.
Electron transport system (ETS)
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Generation of ATP
There are two ways to generate ATP
Chemiosmosis
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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Generation of ATP
Chemiosmosis
Cells use the energy released by “falling” electrons in the ETS to pump H+ ions across a membrane
Uses the enzyme ATP synthase.
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Generation of ATP
Chemiosmosis
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ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP
Figure 6.7B
substrate
product
Enzyme
Adenosine
Adenosine
Generation of ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP
Figure 6.7B
substrate
product
Enzyme
Adenosine
Adenosine
Generation of ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition ReactionKrebs CycleETS
36 ATP
Fermentation
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Glycolysis
Where? The cytosol
What? Breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP.
1 3
1
GlucoseStep
2
3
4
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates.
4
Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH.
55
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
6
Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced.
6 9 3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)7
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
9
(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)
Pyruvic acid
Fructose-1,6-diphosphateEnergy In: 2 ATP
Energy Out: 4 ATP
NET 2 ATP
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General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition ReactionKrebs CycleETS
36 ATP
Fermentation
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General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
Transition Reaction
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Transition Reaction
Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group, which enters the Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoAPyruvic Acid
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General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
Transition Reaction
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Krebs Cycle
Where? In the Mitochondria
What? Uses Acetyl Co-A to generate ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
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Krebs Cycle
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Krebs Cycle
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General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
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Electron Transport System
Figure 6.12
Intermembranespace
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Proteincomplex
Electroncarrier
Electronflow
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE
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Electron Transport System
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Electron Transport System
For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, chemiosmosis produces up to 38 ATP molecules
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Overview of Aerobic Respiration
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General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition ReactionKrebs CycleETS
36 ATP
Fermentation
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Fermentation
Requires NADH generated by glycolysis.
Where do you suppose these reactions take place?
Yeast produce carbon dioxide and ethanol
Muscle cells produce lactic acid
Only a few ATP are produced per glucose
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Fermentation