BIOCHEMISTRY
Elements and Atoms• Matter anything that has mass & takes up
space.• Atoms basic building blocks of matter.• Elements basic substances that can’t be
broken into other substances.• Molecules formed when 2 or more atoms
bond.• smallest unit of a cpd.• Has the chemical & physical props. of
the cpd. • Compounds are made of atoms of different
elements chemically combined.
Atoms
• Nucleus-center of an atom; includes protons and neutrons
• Cloud- surrounds nucleus; only electrons• 3 subatomic particles:
Protons: positive chargeNeutrons: neutral/no chargeElectrons: negative charge
• 1st level holds 2 electrons• 2nd level holds 8 electrons• 3rd level holds 18 electrons
Periodic Table
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
Atomic Number: Protons
Atomic Symbol
Name of Element
Atomic Mass Number: Protons
+
Neutrons
(Nucleus)
QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??
Inorganic Substances
• Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H) hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7.
• Bases: substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH) in water. pH scale of 7-14.
• Salts: Inorganic substances that often contain Chlorine (but not always)
Not Containing Carbon
HCl H2SO4
NaOHKOH
NaClMgCl2
Exceptions: CO2 and H2O
Inorganic Substances
HOHSo what is water??
A little bitAcidic
A little bitBasic = Neutral= Neutral
Cells work on a chemical level
Four main types of molecules a cell uses
regularly:• Carbohydrates
• Lipids• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances/components
Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Bio-molecule Made of:
Carbohydrates Simple sugars
Proteins Amino acids
Lipids Glycerol & at lease 1 fatty acid
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (base, sugar, phosphate)
Monomer- molecule that can bond to form long chains.Here is a monomer:
Polymer- a long chain of monomersHere is a polymer:
Organic substances are made of units calledmonomers or polymers.
CarbohydratesCharacteristics of Carbohydrates
Monomer Simple Sugar molecules
Function Stores energy and some structures
Examples Starch, glucose, fructose
Fact Usually large molecules
Food sources
Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables
Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48)
LipidCharacteristics of Lipids
Monomer Fatty acids
Function Stores energy, forms membranes, some hormones
Examples Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone
Fact Lipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils
Food sources
Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products
ProteinsCharacteristics of Proteins
Monomer amino acids
Function Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones
Examples Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue
Fact All proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids
Food sources
Meats, nuts, tofu
Enzymes
1. Enzymes- a) proteins used by a cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactionsb) biological catalysts; are unchanged by the reaction.
Enzymes
2. Enzymes a)proteins with a 3-D shape. b)shape determines the substrate for the
enzymec)Substrates- substances that enzymes
act upon. Lipase acts on lipids.Maltase acts on maltose.Protease acts on proteins. Lactase works on .Lactose
Enzymes3. How it worksa) substrate temporarily binds to enzyme active
site. b) enzyme may change shape to help substrate
bind on.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related
Enzymes
4. Coenzymes - non-protein part of some enzymes. a) If missing, the enzyme won’t function. b) Vitamins may function as coenzymes.
Enzymes
5. The rate of enzyme activity depends 5 thingso 3-D shapeo Activation Energyo temperatureo pHo concentration
Activation Energy
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/enzymes/enzymes.html
Temperature
6. Optimal temperature- temperature at which enzyme works most effectively. a) If temperature goes above or below optimal temperature, rate of enzyme action will decrease.
Temperature
1. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme A? ________2. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme B? ________3. Knowing that room temperature is approximately 22 degrees Celsius,
which enzyme would work best in your body? __________
pH
7. pH also affects rate of enzyme activity.
a) pH scale- a measure of hydronium ions in a solution.
b) Enzyme functions best at optimum pH
Bases
Acids
NaOHKOH
OH
HClH2SO4
H
pH
1. The stomach has what optimal pH for that enzyme? 2. What is the optimal pH for the enzyme found in your intestine? 3. What organic substance are both of these enzymes digesting?
Gastric Protease
Intestinal Protease
Concentration
8. Concentration of the enzyme affects rate of enzyme action
a)Greater concentration= faster the rate of reaction; however,
b)optimal concentration of enzyme gives the fastest rate of reaction
Concentration
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic AcidsCharacteristics of Nucleic Acids
Monomer Nucleotides
Function Stores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins
Examples DNA and RNA
Fact DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix
Food sources
Most foods made from living materials
ReviewPlace the item in the correct box.
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids