BiochemistryIncludes:•Discussion/study of molecules found in living things
•Discussion/study of chemical processes found in living things (biochemical processes)
Biochemical Process: chemical processes
that occur in living things
• Provides energy and raw materials needed for homeostasis
• Examples:– Photosynthesis: process by which light energy
is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules (carbs)
– Respiration: chemical energy stored in carbs is released for use in cells
• Inorganic Molecules: do not contain Carbon and Hydrogen– Examples: water, salts, acids, bases, oxygen
gas…)
• Organic Molecules: contain both carbon and hydrogen
• Four major categories– Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)– Lipids (fats, waxes, and oils)– Proteins (structural and functional)– Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Carbohydrates
• Elements: C, H, O
• General Formula: CH O 2
H:O::2:1
Basic Unit: Monosaccharide
• Monosaccharides…are ready energy sources!!!!
• Dehydration synthesis: making a complex substance by adding smaller pieces with the removal of water
• Hydrolysis: the breakdown of an organic molecule into smaller pieces by adding water
Dissacharide
• Two sugar units combined
• Maltose and sucrose (also lactose)
Polysaccharides
• Many sugar units combined
• Polysaccharides…storage or structural– Starch…storage plants– Cellulose…structural plants– Glycogen…storage animals
• Carbohydrates include all sugars and starches
• Names of sugars end in –ose
• Functions of carbs– Energy storage/supply– Cell structures
Lipids
• Fats, waxes, oils
• Elements: C, H, O
• No 2:1 ratio
• 2 basic units: glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• Fatty acids (3)…may be saturated or unsaturated (double bonds)
• Glycerol
Proteins
• Elements: C, H, O, N
• Building blocks: amino acids