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Biochemistry Notes
Unit 1
Chapter 6
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Elements
Chemistry in Biology
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down
Each element has a unique name and symbol.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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The Periodic Table of Elements
Chemistry in Biology
Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Chemistry = study of matter.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology
Neutrons and protons are located at the nucleus of the atom.
Protons are positively charged particles.
Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
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Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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• Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of an element (atom).
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
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• Atomic Mass: the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an element (atom).
• Find the neutrons only:• Atomic mass-atomic number=neutrons• Ex: Carbon Picture
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
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Isotopes
Chemistry in Biology
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Compounds
Chemistry in Biology
A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine
Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means, must be a chemical reaction
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Chemical Bonds
Chemistry in Biology
Covalent bonds
Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared A molecule is acompound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Ionic Bonds
Chemistry in Biology
Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Water’s Polarity
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chemistry in Biology
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules.
Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. (Think of North & South Pole)
A hydrogen bond is a bond involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
van der Waals Forces
When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together.
The strength of the attraction depends on the size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to attract electrons.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
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Water properties:
Water is cohesive
Cohesion: sticks to itself
Ex: allows some insects & spiders can “walk” on the surface
Water is adhesive
Adhesion: sticks to other things
Ex: capillary action-pulls column of water up to the top of a plant
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Water properties: Water is called “Universal solvent”: dissolves many other substances due to polarity
Differences in charges pulls/pushes substances apart (Like a magnet attracts or repels other magnets)
Water exhibits evaporative cooling: removes heat when it evaporates from a surface
Ex: sweating cools skin
Water expands during freezing: expands into crystal formation releasing heat
Ex: ice floating on water
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Chemistry in Biology
Heterogeneous Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct.
A salad is a heterogeneous mixture.
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
Homogenous Mixtures
A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout
A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
Food coloring dissolved in water forms a homogenous mixture.
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
Excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are called acids.
Excess of hydroxide ions (OH–) are called bases.
Acids and Bases
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Acidic solutions have pH values 0-6.99. Basic solutions have pH values 7.01-14
pH and Buffers6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
Basic solutions have pH values 7.01-14 Neutral solutions have a pH value 7.00
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Chemistry in Biology
Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.
6.3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 6
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Organic Chemistry
The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chemistry in BiologyChapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, & rings.
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
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What is a macromolecule?
A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS
Macromolecules are also called polymers!!!!
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The 4 types of macromolecules:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PROTEINS
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Chemistry in Biology
Carbohydrates
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
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CARBOHYDRATES Used as main source of energy
Building block: glucose (C6H12O6)
Two types:
Sugars: quick source of energy
Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2, polysaccharide-many
Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose
Starches: source of energy breaking down slower
Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains
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Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Go to Section:
Where found?• Cellulose: plant cell walls
• Glycogen: animal liver
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Nucleic Acids Made up of H,O,N,C & P
Store and transmit genetic info in nucleus
Made up of nucleotides
Two types (examples): DNA & RNA
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PROTEINS Made up of N,C,H, O
Made up of groups called amino acids (20 in nature)
proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes
If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein
Examples: muscles, peanuts, soybeans
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Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
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LIPIDS Made up mainly of C & H
Used to store energy, insulation & protection
Usually not soluble in water
Made up of long chains of fatty acids
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Contrasting Lipids
Lipids/Triglyceride
Fats (Mostly solid at room temperature)
Saturated(Solid at room temp &
“saturated” with Hydrogen atoms, single bonds)
Unsaturated(Liquid at room temp & have double bonds.few Hydrogen atoms)
Oils(Liquid at room temperature &
Considered mostly unsaturatedfats)
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Saturated Fats Ex’s:
Unsaturated fats Ex’s:
• Some cooking oils
• Nuts• Margarine• Fish oils
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Reactants and Products
A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include the production of heat or light, and formation of a gas, liquid, or solid.
Chemistry in Biology
Chemical reaction
Physical reaction
Chapter 6
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Chemical Equations
Chemistry in Biology
Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.
Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.
Products are the substances formed, on the right side of the arrow.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
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Dehydration Synthesis
• A chemical reaction that builds molecules by losing water molecules (H2O)
Before After
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
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Hydrolysis• Chemical reaction splitting a compound
into 2 by adding water (H2O)
Before
After
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Chemistry in Biology
Activation energy: the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
Energy of Reactions
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.
Ex. Na+ + Cl- =NaCl (salt)
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.
Ex: photosynthesis
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy and speeds up a reaction
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
It does not increase howmuch product is made and it can be re-used
over and over again.
Enzymes
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
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Chemistry in Biology
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
Fits together like a lock and key
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Chemistry in Biology
Factors such as pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
The active site specifically is shaped to match the substrate and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.