Download - Biodiversity in Canterbury (with an emphasis on flora) state, pressures, issues, and needs
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Biodiversity in Canterbury (with an emphasis on flora)
state, pressures, issues, and needs
Susan WalkerLandcare Research, Dunedin
ECan Land Workshop 22 April 2008Council Chambers, Environment Canterbury
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Large variation from upland to lowlandindigenous habitats retained, and protected, are “non representative”
State
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Canterbury habitats - habitat loss to 2001/02Elevation zones Remaining indigenous cover
<400 m400 – 800 m800-1200 m1200-1600 m>1600 m
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Elevation zones
<400 m400 – 800 m800-1200 m1200-1600 m>1600 m
Protected lands
Private covenant or public conservation land
Canterbury habitats - protection against loss
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Large variation from upland to lowlandindigenous habitats retained, and protected, are “non representative”
Remaining lowland ecosystems much reduced, highly modified and poorly protected
State
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
1) The relationship between area and proportion of species remaining is not linear
2) The relationship is a curve
3) As area decreases, at some point the proportion of species
decreases rapidly
Habitat loss : some scienceArea effects
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
An intact environment
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
An intact environment
3.9%
10%
HABITAT LOSS
PREDICTEDSPECIES
LOSS
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
A modified environment
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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A modified environment
1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
10%
HABITAT LOSS
PREDICTEDSPECIES
LOSS
12%
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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Canterbury habitats - habitat loss to 2001/02Elevation zones Remaining indigenous cover
<400 m400 – 800 m800-1200 m1200-1600 m>1600 m
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
800-1200 m
Below400 m(7.5%)
400-800 m (37%)
>1200 mCanterbury habitats - habitat loss to 2001/02
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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Elevation zones
<400 m400 – 800 m800-1200 m1200-1600 m>1600 m
Protected lands
Private covenant or public conservation land
Canterbury habitats - protection against loss
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10040 60 800 20Percent (%) of zone protected (Private Covenants or DOC)
400-800 m(11.5%)
Below400 m(1%)
1200-1600 m
Canterbury habitats - protection against loss
>1600 m
800-1200 m
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
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1.00.4 0.6 0.80 0.2
800-1200 m
Below400 m(7.5%)
400-800 m (37%)
>1200 mCanterbury habitats - habitat loss to 2001/02
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
Proportion habitat area remaining
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10040 60 800 20Percent (%) of zone protected (Private Covenants or DOC)
400-800 m(11.5%)
Below400 m(1%)
1200-1600 m
Canterbury habitats - protection against loss
>1600 m
Prop
ortio
n of
spe
cies
rem
aini
ng
800-1200 m
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Below about 30% area remaining, patch isolation increases exponentially (simulation, supported by review of field study results)
(1)(1)(12)
(75)
(255)
(739)
(1089
)(1297
)(1242
)(80
2)
(443)
(193)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 Proportion of original habitat in the landscape (%)
Sim
ulat
ed d
ista
nce
to n
eare
st n
eigh
bour
(Andrén 1994)
Average distance
Maximum distance
Std dev.
(n) No. habitat patches
Habitat remainingHabitat loss
Isolation effects
Fragmentation
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Canterbury
Proportion of NZ Threatened plants (2005)
(Acutely and Chronically Threatened)
Proportion of NZ land area
Canterbury
(47%)
103 species
Nationally threatened plants in Canterbury
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Distribution of threatened plants in Canterbury (2005)By elevation zone
No.
Acu
tely
and
C
hron
ical
ly
Thre
aten
ed p
lant
s
“Lowland” “Montane” “Subalpine & Alpine”0
20
40
60
By ecosystem type
No.
Acu
tely
and
C
hron
ical
ly
Thre
aten
ed p
lant
s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Wetland Limestone Grassland Shrubland Forest Coast Bluff Scree
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Also locally or regionally threatened:‘common’ palatable or fire sensitive trees and shrubs
Hebe cupressoidesTekapo military camp
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In other places, more rugged secondary woody species and communities are expanding
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Large variation from upland to lowlandindigenous habitats retained, and protected, are “non representative”
Remaining lowland ecosystems much reduced, highly modified and poorly protected
High numbers of threatened plant species, particularly
• in the lowland and montane zones (which are poorly protected)
• in highly modified, non-forest ecosystems
Woody vegetation in flux: some winners, some losers
State – to sum up
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Threatened Environment
ClassificationFor each LENZ Level IV environment, the classification shows how much indigenous cover remains & how much is protected
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% Indigenouscover left
+
LENZ
% Protected
+=
Threatened Environment Classification
Canterbury
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 to 400m 400 to 800m 800 to1200m
1200 to1600m
>1600 m
Habitat loss and poor protection: indicators of threatened plant distribution in Canterbury
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 to 400m 400 to 800m 800 to1200m
1200 to1600m
>1600 m
% protected (Private covenants or DOC)
% indigenous cover left
Perc
enat
ge a
rea
Distribution of Canterbury threatened plants (2005)
No.
Acu
tely
and
C
hron
ical
ly
Thre
aten
ed p
lant
s
“Lowland” “Montane” “Subalpine & Alpine”0
20
40
60
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Threatened Species in South Island QEII covenants
Num
ber o
f thr
eate
ned
plan
t spe
cies
123456
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
17 geographically widespread covenants (Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, Otago & Southland)
Threatened environments: Correlated with threatened plants in covenants
Thanks to Wildlands, esp. Kelvin Lloyd
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Environment Threat Categories (Proportion Land Area)
Canterbury New Zealand
Canterbury’s Threatened Environments
23%
<10% indigenous cover left(24%)
1.3 million ha (31%)
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Categories 1, 2 & 3
• Environments with much reduced indigenous vegetation
• Loss of habitats for native species has been greatest • Communities are often highly modified and depleted• Often provide critical habitat for threatened species• NOTE: Categories 1 & 2 are National Priority 1 in the
government’s National priorities for protecting rare & threatened native biodiversity on private land
1 <10% indigenous cover left Acutely Threatened
2 10–20% left Chronically Threatened
3 20–30% left At Risk
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Birdlings Flat, Canterbury
<10% indigenous cover left (Acutely Threatened)
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Rakaia Island kanuka forest & <10% indigenous cover left
(Acutely Threatened)
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River engineering work to protect kanuka forestand dry shrubland at Rakaia Island
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Relict kowhai/Plagianthus woodland, South Canterbury
<10% indigenous cover left (Acutely Threatened)
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Mcleans Island<10% indigenous cover left
(Acutely Threatened)
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Weka Pass areaNorth Canterbury
<10% indigenous cover left (Acutely Threatened)
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Limestone ValleySouth Canterbury
<10% indigenous cover left (Acutely Threatened)
Gentianella calcis subsp. taiko
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Olearia hectori
Aciphylla subflabellata
Pseudopanax ferox
South Canterbury <10% indigenous cover left
(Acutely Threatened)
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Kowhai Bush, Kaikoura 10-20% indigenous cover left
(Chronically Threatened)
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Banks Peninsula Crater Rim20-30% indigenous cover left
(At Risk)
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Ashburton Basin20-30% indigenous
cover left(At Risk)
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Categories 4 & 5• Environments with poorly protected indigenous biodiversity
• Loss of habitats for native sp has been less extreme (>30% indigenous cover left), BUT
• Poorly protected (<20% of land area) • Often highly modified and depleted• Poorly protected indigenous vegetation may be vulnerable to
development, and may receive little conservation management (pest, weed control)
• Species are more likely to be in decline or at risk of extinction than in better protected environments
4 >30% left and 10% protected Critically Underprotected
5 >30% left and 10–20% protected Underprotected
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Mackenzie Basin>30% left and <10% protected
Critically Underprotected
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Mackenzie Basin>30% left and <10% protected
Critically Underprotected
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Category 6• Environments with less reduced and better
protected indigenous biodiversity• In past these environments have been less suitable for
development, therefore more secure to clearance • Particularly important for species that require extensive
habitats to survive • Many threatened animals (birds, bats, fish, frogs) now
survive only here• BUT Still vulnerable to pest, weeds, other extractive land-use
(mining, logging, hydro development)
6 >30% left and >20% protected Less Reduced and Better Protected
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ShrublandLake Coleridge
>30% left and >20% protected(Less Reduced Better
Protected)
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Forest and scree, Arthurs Pass
>30% left and >20% protected(Less Reduced Better
Protected)
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Herbivory
Pressures on native flora
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•Not only stock…
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•Ubiquitous feral grazers and browsers
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Herbivory
Weeds
Pressures on native flora
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•Light-demanding, grazing tolerant weeds
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•Persistent tall woody weeds
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But some seral woody “weeds” are 1) natives and/or 2) may provide nurses for native plants and/or shelter and food for native animals
Removing them could do biodiversity more harm than good
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Herbivory
Weeds
Incompatible activities
Pressures on native flora
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Irrigation
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Use of spray (and fire) to clear ‘scrub’
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Herbivory
Weeds
Incompatible activities
Rapid habitat loss to land use intensification
Pressures on native flora
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Mackenzie Basin
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Ashburton Basin
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The regional council has a major role
Community awareness and support is critical
BUT: Economics tells us voluntary approaches cannot solve the problem!
Much to do on many fronts, few tools to help prioritise
Issues (my thoughts)
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Biodiversitypersistence = Conservation of
pattern + process(The desired outcome)
1. Leave it there
Biodiversityprotection
in Canterbury(Councils, DOC,
LINZ, landowners, community groups, etc)
2. Legal protection
3. Intervene4. Restore
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Much more difficult, but some
emerging tools (e.g. Pestspread)
Some prioritisation and
reporting tools ready to use now
Biodiversitypersistence = Conservation of
pattern + process
Biodiversityprotection
in Canterbury(Councils, DOC,
LINZ, landowners, community
groups, etc)
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The regional council has a major role
Community awareness and support is critical
BUT: Economics tells us voluntary approaches cannot solve the problem!
Much to do on many fronts, few tools to help prioritiseGood-news-only reporting is unlikely to help (Cullen,
Hughey et al.)
Capability and funding issues, esp. for smaller, poorer councils
Issues (my thoughts)
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A bottom lineNeed to cap indigenous vegetation loss
Indigenous vegetation needs to be defined broadly
Invest in an aware constituency - Work with willing landowners - Inform, advise, educate, incentivise, participate in activities
Monitor and report losses as well as gains
Build in-house biodiversity capability, and relationships with district council biodiversity staff
Needs (if you want to sustain biodiversity)