Download - Bioenergy sources for villages
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BIOMASS FOR ENERGY
in rural India
• SOURCES,
• CLASSIFICATION,
• CHARACTERISTICS,
• PROPERTIES,
• ENERGY PLANTATION,
• TREES FOR INDIAN CLIMATE
ZONES
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Rural India & bio-energy
• Before the advent of fossil fuels, energy needs for
all activities were met by renewable sources such as
solar, biomass, wind, animal and human muscle
power.
• It is interesting to note that in rural India,
traditional renewables such as biomass and human
and animal energy continue to contribute 80 % of
the energy consumption [MNES, 2001].
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Biomass is called "the poor woman’s oil,"
since women (and children) in rural
areas spend time collecting daily fuel
wood needs and suffer the brunt of
indoor air pollution caused by direct
combustion of biomass for cooking and
heating.
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An important reference book:
• Renewable Energy Engineering and Technology:
A knowledge compendium, Edited by V. V. N.
Kishore, published by The Energy & Resources
Institute [TERI], New Delhi, 2008- Chapter 12:
BIO-ENERGY RESOURCES, PAGES 624 TO 703.
CONTENTS of the chapter:
• Biomass resources – Characterization of biomass
– Bulk chemical properties – Chemical
composition of biomass – Structural properties –
Physical properties – Properties of microbial
biomass – Biomass Resource assessment.
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Discuss primary & secondary
sources of biomass-fuels
• Primary: Plant &
animal based
material from
primary activities like
• Forestry,
• Agriculture,
• Animal Husbandry,
• Marine
• Secondary: Plant &
animal derived
materials from
processed outputs
like
• Animal excreta
• Industry effluent,
• Municipal Waste
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Classify biomass and discuss their
physicochemical properties:
•WOODY,
• NON-WOODY (cultivated, agro
residues),
•WET [AQUEOUS] ORGANIC
WASTE
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Forest resource base-India
• 1 % of world's forests on 2.47 % of world's
geographical area
• Sustaining 16 % of the world's population
and 15 % of its livestock population
• Forest area cover--76.52 mill. hectares, is
23.28 % of the total geographical area of
India.
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Forests
1. Tropical dense evergreen forests
2. Tropical semi-evergreen forests
3. Moist deciduous forests
4. Dry deciduous forests
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Forestry in the New Millennium:
To sum up, tropical India, with its adequatesunlight, rainfall, land and labour, is ideallysuitable for tree plantations.
• With the enhanced plan outlay forforestry sector and financial supportfrom donor agencies, the country willbe able to march ahead towards theTarget of 33 percent forest cover.
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Rural demand for Fuel wood for
cooking
• Use of dung and agricultural waste is widespread
in agriculturally prosperous regions with fertile
soils and controlled irrigation, such as the
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and northern
Bihar, but wood continues to be the main
domestic fuel in less endowed and poorer
regions.
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WOODY BIOMASS RESOURCE• FORESTS• PLANTATIONS (MULTI- PURPOSE
TREES)• TREES FROM VILLAGE COMMON
LANDS• HYDROCARBON PLANTS
• TREES BEARING NONEDIBLE OIL SEEDS
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Energy Plantation: Growing trees fortheir fuel value
• A plantation that is designed or managed and
operated to provide substantial amounts of
usable fuel continuously throughout the year
at a reasonable cost is called an 'energy
plantation‘
‘Wasteland’-- not usable for agriculture and
cash crops, is used for this activity
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Agro-forestry
• Integrates trees with farming, such as lines of
trees with crops growing between them (alley
cropping), hedgerows, living fences, windbreaks,
pasture trees, woodlots, and many other
farming patterns.
• Agro-forestry increases biodiversity, supports
wildlife, provides firewood, fertilizer, forage,
food and more, improves
the soil, improves the water, benefits the
farmers, benefits everyone.
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Biomass production: Additional
benefits to the rural poor:
Bio-energy feedstocks can be produced
in conjunction with — food, fodder, fuel
wood, construction materials, artisan
materials, other agricultural crops, etc.
Feedstock production can help restore
the environment on which the poor
(tribes too) depend for their livelihoods:
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Develop: Modern Bio Energy
Technologies [BET]
• Modern ‘B E T’ offer opportunities to conserve biomass through efficiency improvements, and for conversion to
electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels.
• Bio-energy technologies based on sustained biomass supply are carbon neutral and lead to net CO2 emission
reduction if used to substitute fossil fuels.
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Name ‘bio-energy technologies’
• Biomass Combustion including use as boiler fuel
• Biomass Gasification
• Pyrolysis of woody biomass to make char, a better solid fuel
• Pyrolysis of solid biomass waste to recover ‘bio-oil’ as liquid
product and char as by-product.
• Anaerobic digestion of wet biomass sludge/ aqueous waste to
generate biogas and manure
• Biochemical conversion of starchy or sugar containing
biomass to produce ethanol of fuel grade
• Chemical conversion of tree borne non-edible oils to produce
a diesel like fuel
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Physical Properties:
Following are important for solid fuels
for combustion / thermal processing:
Moisture Content,
Particle Size and Size distribution
Bulk Density & Specific gravity
Higher Heating Value
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Chemical Composition:
• Total Ash %,
• Solvent soluble %,
• Water Soluble %,
• Lignin %,
• Cellulose %,
• Hemi-cellulose %
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Elemental Composition:
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur
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Properties of Wet and Biodegradable
biomass important in biochemical
conversion:
• C O D value
• B O D value
• Total dissolved solids
• Volatile solids
• T O C
Energy Plantation:
Growing trees for their fuel value
What criteria are used in design of
an energy plantation?
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Criteria for energy plantation
• Sufficient area of 'Wasteland‘, not usable for
agriculture and cash crops, be made available for this social forestry activity
• Tree species favorable to climate and soilconditions
• Combination of harvest cycles and planting densities that will optimize the harvest of fuel and the operating cost--12000 to 24000 trees per hectare.
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Criteria for energy plantation-2
• Multipurpose tree species-fuel wood supply &
improve soil condition
• Trees that are capable of growing in
deforested areas with degraded soils, and
withstand exposure to wind and drought
• Rapid growing legumes that fix atmospheric
nitrogen to enrich soil
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Criteria for energy plantation-3
• Species that can be found in similarecological zones
• Produce wood of high calorific value that burn without sparks or smoke
• Have other uses in addition to providing fuel
-- multipurpose tree species most suited for bio-energy plantations or social forestry
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