Download - Biologic requirements of the bacterial cell
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BIOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
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• I. ATMOSPHERIC REQUIREMENTS---USEFUL IN IDENTIFYING BACTERIA:
• A. RELATIONSHIP TO OXYGEN:• 1. OBLIGATE AEROBES---REQUIRE OXYGEN
CONCENTRATIONS COMPARABLE TO THAT FOUND IN ROOM AIR (20-21% O2)– * Mycobacteria– * certain fungi
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• 2. MICROAEROPHILES---REQUIRE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION LOWER THAN THAT AT ROOM TEMP. FOR MULTIPLICATION( 5% O2)– * Neiserria gonorrheae– * Campylobacter
3. ANAEROBES---DO NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN FOR LIFE AND REPRODUCTION; MAY VARY IN THEIR SENSITIVITY TO OXYGEN
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– A. OBLIGATE ANAEROBE---CAN GROW IN AN ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING NO OXYGEN
– B. AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBE---DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN, GROWS BETTER IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN BUT CAN SURVIVE IN ATMOSPHERES CONTAINING MOLECULAR OXYGEN (AIR/ CO2 INCUBATOR)
– C. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES---CAPABLE OF SURVIVING IN EITHER THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF OXYGEN (0 % O2 TO 20 TO 21% O2)
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– ***MEMBERS OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE/ STREPTOCOCCI/ STAPHYLOCOCCI
– D. CAPNOPHILES---GROW BETTER IN THE PRESENCE OF INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2
– EX. ANAEROBES---BACTEROIDES/FUSOBACTERIUM– AEROBES----NEISSERIA/CAMPYLOBACTER/
HAEMOPHILUS
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• II. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS• * PROTEINS---COMPRISES 50% OF THE BACTERIAL
CELL• ***CARBON/HYDROGEN/OXYGEN/SULFUR/
PHOSPHORUS/NITROGEN• ***POTASSIUM/CALCIUM/IRON/MANGANESE/
MAGNESIUM/COBALT/COPPER/ZINC/URANIUM ( SPECIAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY BACTERIA)
• ***FASTIDIOUS----ORGANISMS WITH SPECIALLY DEMANDING NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
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• * GROWTH FACTORS• * SOURCES OF ENERGY• ***ALL BACTERIA DERIVE THEIR CARBON AND
NITROGEN FROM ORGANIC MATTER, EXCEPT THE SAPROPHYTES
• KINDS OF ORGANISMS ACCDG. TO WHERE NOURISHMENT IS OBTAINED:
• 1. SAPROPHYTES---FROM NON-LIVING ORGANIC MATTER
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• *** PARASITES---DEPEND ON LIVING MATTER FOR SUSTENANCE
• *** FACULTATIVE SAPROPHYTES---USUALLY OBTAIN NOURISHMENT FROM LIVING MATTER BUT MAY OBTAIN IT FROM THE DEAD ORGANIC MATTER.
• ***FACULTATIVE PARASITES---USUALLY OBTAIN THEIR NOURISHMENT FROM DEAD ORGANIC MATTER BUT MAY OBTAIN IT FROM LIVING MATTER.
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• ***HETEROTROPHS/ ORGANOTROPHS--- OBTAIN THEIR NUTRIENTS BY BREAKING DOWN ORGANIC MATTER INTO SIMPLER INORGANIC SUBSTANCES.
• MOISTURE___75-80 % OF BACTERIAL CELL IS WATER; NEEDED TO DISSOLVE FOOD MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• DRYING---DETRIMENTAL TO BACTERIA GROWTH
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• TEMPERATURE: • *** OPTIMUM TEMP----BEST TEMP FOR
GROWTH• *** MINIMUM TEMP.---LOWEST TEMP. AT
WHICH SPORES WILL GROW.• ***MAXIMUM TEMP. HIGHEST TEMP AT
WHICH GROWTH IS POSSIBLE.
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• *** 42-45 DEGREES CELCIUS IS THE HIGHEST TEMP WHERE BACTERIA CAN STILL MULTIPLY; 20 DEGREES CELCIUS---LOWEST TEMP AT WHICH THEY CAN MULTIPLY
• ***THERMOPHILES---HEAT-LOVING SPECIES; CAN GROW ABOVE 45 DEGREES CELCIUS TEMP.
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• PSYCHROPHILES/CRYOPHILES---COLD-LOVING SPECIES;CAN GROW AT TEMP JUST ABOVE THE FREEZING POINT
• ***COLD RETARDS OR STOPS BACTERIAL GROWTH THUS EMPLOYED IN THE PROCESS OF REFRIGERATION IN ORDER TO PROLONG THE SPOILAGE OF FOOD
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Ph---refers to the acidity/alkalinity of the medium
• ***PREFERRED PH IS BETWEEN 6-8• **BEST PH FOR PATHOGENS IS PH 7
(NEUTRAL)
• OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:• ***AEROBES--- GROW IN THE PRESENCE OF
FREE ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
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• OBLIGATE AEROBES---CANNOT DEVELOP IN THE ABSENCE OF FREE OXYGEN
• * ANAEROBES---OBTAAIN THEIR OXYGEN FROM OXYGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS LIKE INORGANIC SULFATES, NITRATES, CARBONATES OR FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• * OBLIGATE ANAEROBES---ORGNISMS WHOSE ENZYME SYSTEMS ARE INACTIVATED BY ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
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• * FACULTATIVE ORGANISMS---ADAPTABLE EITHER TO THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
• * MICROAEROPHILES---ORGANISMS THAT CAN GROW EVEN IIN LOWERED OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE AIR
• * CAPNOPHILES---NEED 3-10 % INCREASE IN CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AIR TO INITIATE DEVELOPMENT
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LIGHT REQUIREMENTS:
• RED/ YELLOW----LITTLE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT• *GREEN---HAVE LESS KILLING ACTION• *VIOLE/ULTRAVIOLET/ BLUE---LIGHT
WAVELENGTHS THAT ARE HIGHLY DESTRUCTIVE TO THE BACTERIAL CELL
• ** SOME SAPROPHYTIC SPECIES USE LIGHT FOR AUTOTROPHIC ACTIVITY
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BY-PRODUCTS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• BACTERIAL METABOLISM---DEPLETES FOOD SUPPLY & RELEASE PRODUCTS THAT INHIBIT FURTHER BACTERIAL GROWTH
• EX. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS & OTHER PRODUCTS
• ***ELECTRICITY & RADIANT ENERGY---INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH
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• **CHEMICALS---DESTROY & INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA
• CHEMOTAXIS---RESPONSES TO CHEMICALS; POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE RESPONSES
• **OSMOTIC PRESSURE----MOST BACTERIA RESIST SMALL CHANGES IN OSMOTIOC PRESSURE
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• ** BACTERIA CAN BE KILLED BY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT OR SUGAR THUS EMPLOYED IN FOOD PRESERVATION
• ***OSMOPHILES----PREFER HIGH SALT CONCENTRATIONS; CLASSIFIED AS HALOPHILES OR SALT LOVERS WHERE THEY CAN TOLERATE HIGH CONCETRATIONS OF SALT
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BACTERIAL INTER- RELATIONS
• SYMBIOSIS---BACTERIA GROWING WELL TOGETHER; BOTH PARTIES ARE BENEFITTED
• 1. SYNGERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAPHYLOCOCCI & THE INFLUENZA BACILLI
• 2. LEGUMES & THE NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA---NITROSOMONAS/ NITROBACTER
• ***ANTAGONISM---PRESENCE OF 1 ORGNAISM INHIBITS THE OTHER DUE TO SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SECRETED
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MAJOR METABOLIC ACTIVITIES
• ENZYMES----PLAY AN IMPT ROLE IN THE METABOLLIC ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIA
• 2,000-3,000 ENZYMES IN THE BACTERIAL CELL UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DNA APPARATUS
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS---PROCESSING OF ENERGY FROM THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF SUBSTANCES AT HAND
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• 1. BACTERIAL DIGESTION---MAKES USE OF HYDROLASES (ENZYMES) & HYDROLYSIS---PROCESS INVOLVING THE ADDITION OF WATER
• 2. ABSORPTION---VIA DIFFUSION & ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES
• 3. OXIDATION---PREPARATION OF MOLECULES FOR A POSSIBLE BONDING OR CHEMICAL COMBINATION
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• ---STARTS WITH PHOSPHORYLATION • INVOLVES
OXIDASES/DEHYDROGENASES/COENZYMES OF THE CYTOCHROME SYSTEM
• INVOLVES TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS RESULTING IN AN OXIDIZED OR REDUCED PRODUCT WHERE ENERGY IS LIBERATED OR TRAPPED
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CLASSES OF BIOLOGIC OXIDATION:
• A. AEROBIC---ULTIMATE HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR IS MOLECULAR OXYGEN
• B. ANAEROBIC---HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR IS INORGANIOC NITRATE, SULFATE OR CARBONATE
• FERMENTATION---HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR IS AN ORGANIC COMPOUND; USES ORGNANIC COMPOUNDS BOTH AS DONORS & ELECTRON ACCEPTORS
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MEDICALLY RELATED ACTIVITIES:
• ***TOXIGENICITY---TOXIN PRODUCTION• ***TOXICITY---POTENCY OF THE TOXINS• A. EXOTOXINS---PROTEINS IN NATURE• ------ANTIGENIC; PRODUCES ANTITOXIN• -----SPECIFIC---CAUSES 1 DISEASE & NOTHING
ELSE• ANATOXINS/ TOXOIDS---MODIFIED TOXINS THAT
CAN NO LONGER CAUSE DISEASE BUT CAN STILL PRODUCE IMMUNITY TO THE DISEASE
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• B. ENDOTOXINS---MADE UP OF COMPLEX LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
• ---DO NOT PROMOTE ANTITOXIN FORMATION• ---NON-SPECIFIC• ---CANNOT BE CONVERTED INTO TOXOIDS• EX. SALMONELLA TYPHI• NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES
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HARMFUL METABOLLIC PRODUCTS
• ---MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY TOXIC BUT RELATED SIGNIFICANTLY TO DISEASE
• 1. HEMOLYSINS---CAUSE LYSIS OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS
• 2 TYPES OF BACTERIAL HEMOLYSINS:• A. FILTRABLE• B. THOSE THAT ARE DEMONSTRATED ABOUT
THE BACTERIAL COLONY ON A CULTURE MEDIUM CONTAINING RBCs
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• & HEMOLYSINS ---- NAMED AFTER THE BACTERIA THAT GIVES RISE TO THEM
• EX. STAPHYLOLYSIN• STREPTOLYSINS• 2. LEUKOCIDINS---DESTROY
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILIC LEUKOCYTES
• ***FORMED BY PNEUMOCOCCI,STREPTOCOCCI & STAPHYLOCOCCI
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• 3. COAGULASE---ACCELERATE COAGULATION OF BLOOD
• EX. STAPHYLOCOCCI• COAGULASE TEST---USED TO DIFFERENTIATE
PATHOGENIC FROM NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA• 4. BACTERIAL KINASES---ACT ON CERTAIN
COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD TO LIQUIFY FIBRIN; INTERFERE WITH BLOOD COAGULATION
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• EX. STREPTOKINASE/FIBRINOLYSIS---PRODUCED BY MANY HENOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, STAPHYLOCOCCI & OTHER BACTERIA
• ---USED TO DISSOLVE BLOOD CLOTS & TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF ADHESIONS THAT WOULD BE LAID DOWN ON THE FIBRIN PRECIPITATED IN THE BODY CAVITIES
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• -5. HYALURONIDASE---MAKE TISSUES MORE • PERMEABLE TO THE BACTERIA ELABORATING
IT• EX. PNEUMOCOCCI & STREPTOCOCCI• 6. BACTERIOCINS---BACTERIAL PROTEIN OR
POLYPEPTIDE SUSBTANCES PRODUCED BY STRAINS OF A FAMILY OF MICROBES
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• 7. COLICINS----PRODUCED BY THE FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; WILL ACT ON THE BACTERIAL MEMBRANE
• OTHER EFFECTS:• 1. PIGMENT PRODUCTION---IMPT. IN THE
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISMS BUT NOT RELATED TO DISEASE PRODUCTION
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• ***PRODUCED BY BOTH PARASITIC & SAPROPHYTIC BACTERIA
• EX. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS---GOLD COLOR• PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA---PRODUCES
THE BLUE-GREEN PIGMENT• HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM---PRODUCES
RED PIGMENT• SERRATIA MARCESCENS---RED PIGMENT
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• 2. HEAT PRODUCTION----RESULTS IN THE HEATING OF DAMP HAY
• 3. LIGHT PRODUCTION• EX. BIOLUMINESCENCE---EXHIBITED BY
BACTERIA THAT LIVE IN SALT WATER; EMITS LIGHT AS THEY OPEN THEIR MOUTHS; LIGHT PRODUCERS ARE GENERALLY NON-PATHOGENIC
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• 4. PRODUCTION OF ODORS---DUE TO DECOMPOSITION OF THE MATERIAL WHERE THE BACTERIA IS GROWING