Download - Biological Classification
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Biological Biological ClassificationClassification
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Group the following in any way Group the following in any way you would like, you would like,
but justify your grouping! but justify your grouping!
• Frogs• Bears• Ants• Spiders• Bacteria
• Humans• Dolphins• Sharks• Mushrooms• Pine Trees
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Why do we Classify?Why do we Classify?
• Recognize similarities between living things (DNA, biomolecules, cells)
• Group organisms according to those similarities
• Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms
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• Who created Taxonomy?–Aristotle was the first scientist to group organisms based on physical characteristics –Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) a Swedish botanist , came up with the current system.
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Classification Groups Classification Groups • The groups (largest to
smallest) – Domain– Kingdom– Phylum– Class– Order– Family– Genus – Species
• A sentence to help you remember! – Dear– King– Philip– Came – Over– For– Good– Soup
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Levels of Classification: Levels of Classification: The 3 Domains The 3 Domains
(based on cell type)(based on cell type)
Eubacteria Eukaryota
Archaea
The Five Kingdoms The Three Domains
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Levels of Classification: Levels of Classification: The 5 KingdomsThe 5 Kingdoms
- Based on…- Cell type- Number of Cells- Mode of Feeding Fungi
Animalia Plantae
Protista
Monera
The Five Kingdoms
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Final 7 Levels of Classification Final 7 Levels of Classification 1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest
7. Species
6. Genus
5. Family 4. Order
3. Class
2.Phylum
1. Kingdom
7 Levels of 7 Levels of ClassificationClassification
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Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Common Pond Amoeba• KINGDOM: Protista • PHYLUM: Sarcomastigophora • CLASS: Sarcodina • ORDER: Granulopodea • FAMILY: Amoebidae• GENUS: Amoeba • SPECIES: Amoeba proteus
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Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Humans• KINGDOM: Animalia (animal cells, heterotroph)• PHYLUM: Chordata (all vertebrates)• CLASS: Mammalia (all mammals)• ORDER: Primata (all primates)• FAMILY: Hominidae (bipedal primates)• GENUS: Homo (humans and neanderthals)• SPECIES: Homo sapiens (humans only!)
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Binomial Nomenclature - the formal system of naming species. (Bi = two, nomial =
names)• The last two classification groups (genus and species) are used to create a unique
name for each species. – Because we use two groups for the name, similar species will have similar names. – Example: Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) and Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear)– In a species name, only the Genus is capitalized.
• Latin is the language used to make these names. Since it is no longer spoken anywhere, we do not have to worry about it changing.
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What evidence is used to What evidence is used to classify?classify?
• Homologous (similar) Structures – Ex: The bones in a
bat’s wing are almost the same as the bones in a human hand
• Similar Behaviors– Ex: All mammals
nurse their young
• Similarities in genes (DNA or protein sequence)– Ex: Human and
Primate DNA is 99% similar
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Evidence for ClassificationEvidence for Classification
• Fossil Record: Past organisms studied through fossils– Ex: Trilobites and
horsehoe crabs
• Embryology: similar development patterns in unborn of different species– Ex: Dolphin limb buds
• Hybridization: ability to successfully interbreed different species.– Ex: Zorse
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Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
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EmbryologyEmbryology
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HybridizationHybridization