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Biological Phosphorus Removal Case Studies
2014 Conference on the Environment
Leon Downing, PhD, PE Bill Marten, PE, BCEE
Nathan Cassity, PE, BCEE
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Agenda
Biological phosphorus removal review Case studies Characterization impacts BNR configurations Operational tools
Slide Number 2
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biological phosphorus removal
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Slide Number 4
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Slide Number 5
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Slide Number 6
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Slide Number 7
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Electron Acceptor #2
Nitrate
(Light beer)
Slide Number 8
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Electron Acceptor #2
Nitrate
(Light beer)
Electron Acceptor #3
EBPR
(Water)
Slide Number 9
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Electron Acceptor #2
Nitrate
(Light beer)
Electron Acceptor #3
EBPR
(Water)
Slide Number 10
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Electron Acceptor #2
Nitrate
(Light beer)
Electron Acceptor #3
EBPR
(Water)
EBPR: Lowest energy Limit#1 and #2 at front of basin
Slide Number 11
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Bio-P
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Electron Donor
(Volatile Fatty Acids)
Electron Acceptor #1
Oxygen
(Full bodied lager)
Electron Acceptor #2
Nitrate
(Light beer)
Electron Acceptor #3
EBPR
(Water)
EBPR: Lowest energy Limit#1 and #2 at front of basin
MIXERS
DENITRIFICATION
Slide Number 12
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Configurations
Slide Number 13
RAS IMLR 1
EBPR Denit. Nitrification
RAS
IMLR 2
EBPR Denit. Nitrification
RAS
IMLR 1
EBPR Denit. Nitrification
RAS
IMLR 1
EBPR Denit. Nitrification
Denit.
IMLR 1
Denit.
UCT’
MUCT
5 Stage Bardenpho
A2O
Optimal P removal
Optimal N removal
Both
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Things to Consider
Wastewater characteristics BNR configuration Approaches and goals
Operational “tricks”
Slide Number 14
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wastewater characteristics
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Wastewater Characteristics
All BOD is not created equally
Slide Number 16
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Wastewater Characteristics
All BOD is not created equally
VFAs (and rbCOD):
Key for Bio-P
Slide Number 17
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Wastewater Characteristics
Plant 1: Beloit, WI
Small collection system
High food waste content
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.3
Slide Number 18
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Wastewater Characteristics
Plant 1: Beloit, WI
Small collection system
High food waste content
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.3
Plant 2: TRA CRWS
Large collection system
Warm weather
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.25
Slide Number 19
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Wastewater Characteristics
Plant 1: Beloit, WI
Small collection system
High food waste content
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.3
Plant 2: TRA CRWS
Large collection system
Warm weather
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.25
Plant 3: Medford, WI
Small collection system
Limited industry
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.1 Slide Number 20
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Wastewater Characteristics
Plant 1: Beloit, WI
Small collection system
High food waste content
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.3
Plant 2: TRA CRWS
Large collection system
Warm weather
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.25
Plant 3: Medford, WI
Small collection system
Limited industry
rbCOD:tCOD: 0.1
Average influent BOD:
250 to 300 mg/L
Slide Number 21
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Wastewater Characteristics
A/O Process
Requirements: baffle wall, mixers
Slide Number 22
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Wastewater Characteristics
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.1 0.2 0.3
Effluent TP
(mg/L)
rbCOD/tCOD (higher value = more "easy" BOD)
Plant 3 Plant 2 Plant 1
Plenty of soluble “food:” Enough to go around: Process is simplified
Slide Number 23
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bnr configurations
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Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
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Configuration
SP dry weather
SP dewatering
SP wet weather
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
rbCO
D/P
ratio
Fraction of rbCOD that is VFA
WHY SOME BIO-P PLANTS WORK BETTER THAN OTHERS
Standard curve (Barnard et al, WEFTEC 2005)
Slide Number 26
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Configuration
RAS
Internal Recycle
PE
AnaerobicZones
Anoxic Zones
Aerobic Zones
Modified VIP/UCT Bio-P Process
Slide Number 27
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Performance 1125 Days without Ferric Addition
14 Days with Ferric Addition
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Target Effluent TP, mg/L Average Effluent TP, mg/L
Zero Permit
Violations
Slide Number 28
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Janesville, WI
Slide Number 29
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Configuration
SP dry weather
SP dewatering
SP wet weather
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
rbCO
D/P
ratio
Fraction of rbCOD that is VFA
WHY SOME BIO-P PLANTS WORK BETTER THAN OTHERS
Standard curve (Barnard et al, WEFTEC 2005)
Janesville
Slide Number 30
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Biological Nutrient Removal Design
PE RAS
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic Aerobic
Anoxic
Anoxic
Swing
Swing
Anoxic
Anoxic
Swing
Anoxic
Anoxic
Swing
Fermenters
Slide Number 31
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Biological Nutrient Removal Design
Fermentation incorporated Offset BOD:P issue High level of N and P removal
Fermenters Overflow (VFAs)
Primary sludge
Fermented primary sludge
Slide Number 32
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Startup and Operation
Fermenter overflow Flow of 0.9 MGD 7% of forward flow Currently generating
1000 lbs/day VFA
Date Volatile Acids (mg/L)
01/03/12 100 01/24/12 87 02/14/12 125 02/22/12 115 02/28/12 216 03/07/12 218 03/14/12 183 03/14/12 163 03/21/12 60 03/27/12 118 04/04/12 72 04/09/12 150 04/18/12 121 04/24/12 105 05/04/12 139 Average 132
Slide Number 33
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Performance
Slide Number 34
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
08/24/13 08/31/13 09/07/13 09/14/13 09/21/13 09/28/13 10/05/13 10/12/13
Phos
phor
us C
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
L)
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operational “tricks”
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Do your mixers need to run all the time?
36
July 2013: power out in aeration basin (mixers off)
Mixing still observed
Do we really need 20 total horsepower of mixing in the
selector zone?
October 2013:
Manual cycling of mixers every 2 hours
Slide Number 36
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Mixers Alternated On/Off
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
10/8/13 0:00 10/13/13 0:00 10/18/13 0:00 10/23/13 0:00 10/28/13 0:00ORP (mV)
ORPNorth MixerSouth Mixer
Mixer On
Mixer Off
Mixers alternated
on/off
Increased ORP variability, still
anaerobic
Slide Number 37
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Mixers On/Off Sheboygan WWTP Sheboygan, Wisconsin
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
ORP (mv)
Time (hours)
Mixers: cycle on/off every two hours
ORP drop
Mixed liquor fermentation?
Slide Number 38
Anaerobic selector zone
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Low DO Operation
DO = 2 mg/L DO = 2 mg/L DO = 3 mg/L
Conventional
Slide Number 39
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Low DO Operation
DO = 2 mg/L DO = 2 mg/L DO = 3 mg/L
Conventional
Low DO
DO = 0.75 mg/L DO = 0.75 mg/L DO = 1.5 mg/L
Slide Number 40
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Trinity River Authority CRWS Treatment Plant
189 mgd average day flow capacity
Modified one of twelve aeration basins to BNR in 2012
AO process, relies on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)
Slide Number 41
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Nitrogen Removal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
7/1/2012 9/30/2012 12/30/2012 3/31/2013
Nitrogen Removed
(mg/L)
Conv. DO Low DO (0.75 – 1 mg/L)
Slide Number 42
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Phosphorus Removal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
No Selector Selector + Conventional DO Selector + Low DO
Average Effluent
TP (mg/L)
Slide Number 43
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takeaways…
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Takeaways
Wastewater characterization Not all BOD is created equal BOD variability is a key consideration
Configuration Select the configuration to meet your goals
Operational “tricks” to consider Mixer cycling Low Do operation
Slide Number 45
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Questions? Leon Downing, PhD, PE Donohue & Associates 920.889.9291 [email protected]