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PROTEINSBiology 30
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Similar to lipids and carbohydrates, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, proteins also contain nitrogen
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WHAT MAKES UP PROTEIN? All proteins are made up of tiny
structures called amino acids All amino acids have a basic structure:
A hydrogenA central carbonAn amino group(NH3)An acid group (COOH)
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AMINO ACIDS Each amino acid has a unique R group,
or side group. This group is what distinguishes each amino acid from the next
There are 20 common amino acids
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There are 9 essential amino acids. This means that the body CANNOT make these amino acids, so therefore you must get these amino acids from your diet.
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FORMATION OF PROTEIN Amino acids are linked together in a
variety of ways to form thousands of different proteins.
Amino acids are linked together through a peptide bond
Amino acids are connected to form peptide bonds through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
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Dipeptide- two amino acids bonded together
Tripeptide- three amino acids bonded together
Polypeptide- Many amino acids bonded together
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ROLES OF PROTEINS Proteins are the building materials for
muscles, skin, blood, bone, and almost every other body structure.
Collagen- is a type of protein that is the foundation for bones and teeth, as well it makes up connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, scars)
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Proteins are needed daily in your body:Muscle cells need protein to grow larger and
stronger in response to exerciseNew proteins are used to synthesis hair and
fingernailsA lifespan of a skin is usually about 30 days,
therefore new cells are required, which are mostly made of proteins
Cells in the GI tract are replaced every 3 days!
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Many proteins are used as transporters of lipids vitamins, minerals and oxygen
Other proteins act as antibodies Some proteins are hormones Proteins also play a vital role in chemical
reactions within the body. They act as enzymes- which help to make reactions occur more quickly and efficiently
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HYDROLYSIS When the body needs specific amino
acids, peptide bonds will be broken to release an amino acid.
This process is called hydrolysis- since there is an addition of a water molecule.
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PROTEIN SHAPE AND FOLDING Depending on the sequence of amino
acids, the polypeptide chain will twist and turn into various shapes.
The unique R group of each amino acid gives it characteristics that either attract or repel certain amino acids to each other.
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Protein folding is critical, as is the sequence of amino acids!
If a protein has incorrect amino acids, this may prevent the protein from working properly.
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For example, people who have sickle cell anemia have one incorrect amino acid in the chain for hemoglobin. This leads to curved shaped red blood cells, which carry oxygen