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Sylv
ia S
. Ma
der
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY 10th Edition
1
A View of Life
Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24
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2
Outline
Defining Life - Emergent Properties
Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection
Classification
Organization and Diversity
Natural Selection
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3
Outline
Biosphere Organization
Human Population
Biodiversity
The Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Data
Conclusion
Scientific Theory
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4
Defining Life
Living things:
Comprised of the same chemical elements e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Obey the same physical and chemical laws
Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular). The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of
all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus Cells are produced from preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions
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5
Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic:
Bacteria
Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose
Humans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography
Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose
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6
Defining Life
Each level of organization has Emergent Properties
Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere)
Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it
Emergent properties:
Interactions between the parts making up the whole
All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry
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7
Levels of Biological Organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere
inhabited by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment
Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex
individuals contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
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Living Things: Acquire & Process Food
Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes
The sun:
Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth
Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules)
Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism.
Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries
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Acquiring Nutrients
b.
a.
c. f.
e.
d.
food
a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography;
d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Living Things: Respond to Stimuli
Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment
Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner
Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south
Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals
Even leaves of plants follow sun
Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior
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11
Living Things: Reproduce and Develop
Organisms live and die
All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population
In most multicellular organisms reproduction:
Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)
Followed by cell division and differentiation
Developmental instructions encoded in genes
Composed of DNA
Long spiral molecule in chromosomes
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Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
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Living Things: Adapt to Change
Adaptation
Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life
Organisms become modified over long period time
Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations
However, organisms very similar at basic level
Suggests living things descended from same ancestor
Descent with modification - Evolution
Caused by natural selection
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Evolution, the Unifying Concept
of Biology
Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics
Composed of cells organized in a similar manner
Their genes are composed of DNA
Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy
This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor
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Classification
Taxonomy:
Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms
according to certain rules
Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized
evolutionary relationships
Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and
domain
A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level
below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it
(e.g. kingdom)
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Levels of Classification
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Domains
Bacteria
Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes
Extreme aquatic environments
Eukarya
Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms
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Domains
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Evolutionary Tree of Life
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Protists
common
ancestor
(first cells)
cell with nucleus
Past
Time
Present
Photosynthetic
protist
Heterotrophic
Protist
Plants
Fungi
Animals common ancestor
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Domains: The Archaea
Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 m
• Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
• Adaptations to
extreme environments
• Absorb or
chemosynthesize food
• Unique chemical
characteristics
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
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Domains: The Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
• Adaptations to
all environments
• Absorb, photosynthesize,
or chemosynthesize food
• Unique chemical
characteristics
Escherichia coli, a bacterium 1.5 m
© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Kingdoms
Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out
Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out
Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms
KINGDOM: Fungi
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom
Protists
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan
• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,
and ringworms
• Mostly multicellular filaments with
specialized, complex cells
• Absorb food1
• Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and
water molds
• Complex single cell
(sometimes filaments,
colonies, or even
multicellular)
• Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food 1 m
KINGDOM: Plants
r
V ulpes, a red fox
KINGDOM: Animals
• Certain algae, mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering plants
• Multicellular, usually with
specialized tissues,
containing complex cells
• Photosynthesize food
• Sponges, worms, insects,
fishes, frogs, turtles,
birds, and mammals
• Multicellular with
specialized tissues
containing complex cells
• Ingest food
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis
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Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo Sapience
Universal
Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo
Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. Sapience
Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)
Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli
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Natural Selection
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.
Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with
hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.
Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy
leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.
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Organization of the Biosphere
Population - Members of a species within an area
Community - A local collection of interacting populations
Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment
How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms
How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators
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Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
solar
energy
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
heat
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Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef
1975 Minimal coral death
b.
a. Healthy coral reef
1985 Some coral death with
no fish present
1995 Coral bleaching with limited
chance of recovery
2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;
bleaching still evident
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan
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Human Populations
Humans modify ecosystems
Humans negative impact on ecosystems:
Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc.
Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.
However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for
Food
Medicines
Raw materials
Other ecosystem processes
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water
where organisms exist
Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.
The variability of their genes, and
The ecosystems in which they live
Extinction is:
The death of the last member of a species
Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide
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The Scientific Method
Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with observation
Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior
Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms
Take advantage of prior studies
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed
Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general
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The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram
Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various
sources is used to formulate
a testable statement.
Conclusion
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Experiment/Observations
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
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The Scientific Method: Experimentation
Experimentation
Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis
Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific
Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group
Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid
If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged
If not, hypothesis is unsupportable
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The Scientific Method
The results are analyzed and interpreted
Conclusions are what the scientist thinks
caused the results
Findings must be reported in scientific journals
Peers review the findings and the conclusions
Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or
dismiss the published findings
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The Scientific Method: Results
Results or Data
Observable, objective results from an experiment
Strength of the data expressed in probabilities
The probability that random variation could have caused the results
Low probability (less than 5%) is good
Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random chance as the sole cause of the results
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Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory:
Joins together two or more related hypotheses
Supported by broad range of observations,
experiments, and data
Scientific Principle / Law:
Widely accepted set of theories
No serious challenges to validity
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Controlled Experiments
Experimental (Independent) variable
Applied one way to experimental group
Applied a different way to control group
Response (dependent) variable
Variable that is measured to generate data
Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group
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Controlled Experiments
Observations:
Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage
soils by altering its properties
When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds
natural nitrogen
Hypothesis:
Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much
as nitrates
Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils
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Root Nodules
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.
nodules
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Controlled Experiments
Experimental Design
Control Group
Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer
Experimental Groups
1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate
2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate
3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a
crop of pigeon peas
All groups treated identically except for above
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Crop Rotation Study
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
15
20
10
5
0 year 1 year 2 year 3
= no fertilization treatment
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Control Pots
Test Pots
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Wh
eat
Bio
mass (
gra
ms/p
ot)
b. Results
a. Control pots and test pots
of three types
Test pots
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Test pots
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
Control pots
no fertilization treatment
Test pots
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack
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Controlled Experiments
Experimental Prediction:
Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer
Results
45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls
90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as controls
Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the controls
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Controlled Experiments
Conclusion
Research hypothesis was not supported by results
However, research hypothesis was not proven false by
negative results
Revised experiment
Grow wheat in same pots for several generations
Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved
production in pigeon pea pots
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Controlled Experiments
Results
After second year:
Production following nitrates declined
Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all
After third year
Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls
Revised conclusions
Research hypothesis supported
Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over
nitrates
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45
A Field Study
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a. Scientist making observations
b. Normal mountain
bluebird nesting
behavior
c. Resident male
attacking a male
model near nest
resident
male
female
mate
male
bluebird
model
d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data
for graph.
1.5
2.0
1.0
0.5
0
Ap
pro
ach
es p
er
Min
ute
nest
construction first egg
laid hatching
of eggs
Stage of Nesting Cycle
Approaches to
male model
Approaches to
female mate
nest 2
nest 1
© Erica S. Leeds
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46
Review
Defining Life - Emergent Properties
Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection
Biosphere Organization
Human Population
Biodiversity
Classification
The Scientific Method
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Sylv
ia S
. Ma
der
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
BIOLOGY 10th Edition
47
A View of Life